Full Table of Contents

Contents

About This Manual

What This Manual Contains

What You Should Know Before Reading This Manual

Other Useful References

Conventions Used in This Manual

1. - Process Address Space

Defining the Address Space

Address Space Boundaries

Page Numbers and Offsets

Address Definition

Address Space Limits

Delayed and Immediate Space Definition

Page Validation

Read-Only Pages

Copy-on-Write Pages

Interrogating the Memory System

Mapping Segments of Memory

The Segment Mapping Function mmap()

Describing the Mapped Object

Describing the New Segment

Mapping a File for I/O

Mapped File Sizes

Apparent Process Size

Mapping Portions of a File

File Permissions

NFS Considerations

File Integrity

Mapping a File for Shared Memory

Mapping a Segment of Zeros

Mapping Physical Memory

Mapping Kernel Virtual Memory

Mapping a VME Device

Choosing a Segment Address

Segments at Fixed Offsets

Segments at a Fixed Address

Locking Pages in Memory

Locking Functions

Locking Program Text and Data

Locking Mapped Files Into Memory

Reducing Cache Misses

Locality of Reference

Cache Mapping in Challenge and Onyx Systems

Multiprocessor Cache Conflicts

Detecting Cache Problems

Additional Memory Features

Changing Memory Protection

Synchronizing the Backing Store

Releasing Unneeded Pages

2. - Interprocess Communication

Types of Interprocess Communication Available

IRIX IPC

Initializing a Shared Arena

Configuring an Arena

Creating an Arena

Joining an Arena

Allocating in a Shared Arena

Exchanging the First Datum

Using IRIX Semaphores

Creating Normal Semaphores

Creating Polled Semaphores

Using Semaphores

Using Locks

Using Barriers

System V IPC

System V IPC Overview

System V Messages

Message Structures

Message Operations Overview

Getting Message Queues With msgget()

Message Queue Example Program

Controlling Message Queues: msgctl()

Example Program

Operations for Messages: msgsnd() and msgrcv()

Sending a Message

Receiving Messages

Example Program

Example Use of msgsnd

Example Use of msgrcv

System V Semaphores

Using Semaphores

Getting Semaphores With semget()

Example Program

Controlling Semaphores With semctl()

Example Program

Operations on Semaphores: semop()

Example Program

System V Shared Memory

Using Shared Memory

Getting Shared Memory Segments With shmget()

Example Program

Controlling Shared Memory: shmctl()

Example Program

Operations for Shared Memory: shmat() and shmdt()

3. - Models of Parallel Computation

Parallel Hardware and Programming Models

Parallel Programs on Uniprocessors

Memory Systems

Single Memory Systems

Multiple Memory Systems

Types of Parallel Models

Statement-Level Parallelism

Thread-Level Parallelism

Process-Level Parallelism

Portable, Abstract Models

Message-Passing Interface (MPI) Model

Portable Virtual Machine (PVM) Model

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Model

Using Statement-Level Parallelism

Creating Parallel Programs

Managing Parallel Execution

Controlling the Degree of Parallelism

Choosing the Loop Schedule Type

Using Process-Level Parallelism

Parallelism in Real-Time Applications

Process Synchronization and Share Groups

Process Communication and Coordination

Process Creation

Process Scheduling Features

Process Management Features

Using MPI and PVM

Choosing Between MPI and PVM

Porting From PVM to MPI

4. - File and Record Locking

Overview of File and Record Locking

Terminology

Record

Cooperating Processes

Read (Shared) Lock

Write (Exclusive) Lock

Advisory Locking

Mandatory Locking

Lock Promotion and Demotion

Using File Permissions

Using Record Locking

Opening a File for Record Locking

Setting a File Lock

Setting and Removing Record Locks

Getting Lock Information

Deadlock Handling

Selecting Advisory or Mandatory Locking

Record Locking Across Multiple Systems

5. - Working With Fonts

Font Basics

Terminology

Typography

Character

Font

Font Family, or Typeface

How Resolution Affects Font Size

Font Names

Writing Programs That Need to Use Fonts

Using Fonts With the X Window System

Listing and Viewing Fonts

Getting a List of Font Names and Font Aliases

Viewing Fonts

Getting the Current X Font Path

Changing the X Font Path

Installing and Adding Font and Font Metric Files

Locations of Font and Font Metric Files

Conventions for Bitmap Font File Names

Creating Font Aliases

Adding Font and Font Metric Files

Adding a Bitmap Font

Adding an Outline Font

Adding a Font Metric File

Downloading a Type 1 Font to a PostScript Printer

6. - Internationalizing Your Application

Overview

Some Definitions

Locale

Internationalization (i18n)

Localization (l10n)

Nationalized Software

Multilingual Software

Areas of Concern in Internationalizing Software

Standards

Internationalizing Your Application: The Basic Steps

Additional Reading on Internationalization

Locales

Setting the Current Locale

Category

Locale

The Empty String

Nonempty Strings in Calls to setlocale()

Location of Locale-Specific Data

Locale Naming Conventions

Limitations of the Locale System

Multilingual Support

Misuse of Locales

No Filesystem Information for Encoding Types

Character Sets, Codesets, and Encodings

Eight-Bit Cleanliness

Character Representation

Multibyte Characters

Use of Multibyte Strings

Handling Multibyte Characters

Conversion to Constant-Size Characters

How Many Bytes in a Character?

How Many Bytes in an MB String?

How Many Characters in an MB String?

Wide Characters

Uses for wchar Strings

Support Routines for Wide Characters

Conversion to MB Characters

Reading Input Data

Cultural Items

Collating Strings

The Issue

The Solution

Specifying Numbers and Money

Using printf()

Using localeconv()

Using strfmon()

Formatting Dates and Times

Character Classification and ctype

The Issue

The Solution

Regular Expressions

Locale-Specific Behavior

Overview of Locale-Specific Behavior

Local Customs

Regular Expressions

The ANSI X3.159-198X Standard for C

Native Language Support and the NLS Database

Configuration Data

Collating Sequence Tables

Character Classification Tables

Shift Tables

Language Information

Using Regular Expressions

Internationalized Regular Expressions

Cultural Data

NLS Interfaces

NLS Utilities

NLS Library Functions

XSI Curses Interface

Strings and Message Catalogs

XPG/4 Message Catalogs

Opening and Closing XPG/4 Catalogs

Using an XPG/4 Catalog

XPG/4 Catalog Location

Creating XPG/4 Message Catalogs

Compiling XPG/4 Message Catalogs

SVR4 MNLS Message Catalogs

Putting MNLS Strings Into a Catalog

Using MNLS in Shell Scripts

Specifying MNLS Catalogs

Getting Strings From MNLS Message Catalogs

Using pfmt()

Labels, Severity, and Flags

Format Strings for pfmt()

Using fmtmsg()

Internationalizing File Typing Rule Strings With MNLS

Variably Ordered Referencing of printf() Arguments

Internationalization Support in X11R6

Limitations of X11R6 in Supporting Internationalization

Vertical Text

Character Sets

Xlib Interface Change

Resource Names

Getting X Internationalization Started

Initialization for Toolkit Programming

Initialization for Xlib Programming

Fontsets

Example: EUC in Japanese

Specifying a Fontset

Creating a Fontset

Using a Fontset

Text Rendering Routines

New Text Extents Functions

Internationalization Support in Motif

User Input

About User Input and Input Methods

Reuse Sample Code

GL Input

About X Keyboard Support

Keys, Keycodes, and Keysyms

Composed Characters

Supported Keyboards

Input Methods (IMs)

Opening an Input Method

IM Styles

Root Window

Off-the-Spot

Over-the-Spot

On-the-Spot

Setting IM Styles

Using Styles

Input Contexts (ICs)

Find an IM Style

IC Values

Pre-Edit and Status Attributes

Creating an Input Context

Using the IC

Events Under IM Control

Using XFilterEvent()

Using XLookupString(), XwcLookupString(), and XmbLookupString()

GUI Concerns

X Resources for Strings

Layout

Dynamic Layout

Constant Layout

Localized Layout

IRIS IM Localization with editres

Icons

Popular Encodings

The ISO 8859 Family

Asian Languages

Some Standards

EUC

ISO 10646 and Unicode

A. - ISO 3166 Country Names and Abbreviations

B. - Converting PVM Applications to MPI

Differences Between PVM and MPI

Comparing Library Routines

Comparable Routines

Nonportable PVM Functions

Converting a PVM Program to an MPI Program

Initial Environment Setup

Pure SPMD Program

General SPMD Model

MPMD Model

Common Environment Setup Changes

Task Environment Cleanup

Group Management Functions

Intertask Communication

Utility Functions

Example Programs

Example 1: SPMD Program

SPMD Program in PVM Version

SPMD Program in MPI Version

Example 2: MPMD Example

MPMD in PVM Version--Master Task

MPMD in PVM Version--Slave Task

MPMD in MPI Version--Master Task

MPMD in MPI Version--Slave Task

Index