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- INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - PART 4 - by Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ
-
- USING DIGIPEATERS AND NODES:
-
- DIGIPEATERS:
- Digipeater is the term we use to describe a packet radio digital repeater.
- Unlike the FM voice repeaters, most digipeaters operate on simplex and do
- not receive and transmit simultaneously. They receive the digital infor-
- mation, temporarily store it and then turn around and retransmit it.
-
- Your TNC will allow you to enter up to eight digipeaters in your connect
- sequence, but using more than 3 usually means long waits, lots of repeated
- packets, and frequent disconnects, due to noise and other signals encount-
- ered on the frequency.
-
- When entering the list of digipeaters in your connect sequence, you must
- make sure that you enter them in the exact order that your signal will use
- them. You must separate the calls by commas, without any spaces, and the
- EXACT callsigns must be used, including the SSID, if any. That means you
- need to know what digipeaters are out there before you begin randomly
- trying to connect to someone. Turn MONITOR ON and watch for the paths that
- other stations are using.
-
- Here are some examples of proper connect sequences:
- C W6PW-3 v W6PW-1
- C N6ZYX v WA6FSP-1,WB6LPZ-1
- C W6ABY-4 v K6MYX,N2WLP-2,AB6XO
- The "v" means via. In the first example the sequence shown means: Connect
- to W6PW-3 via W6PW-1.
-
- Something to remember when using digipeaters is the difference between
- making a connection and sending information packets. If the path isn't all
- that good, you might be able to get a connect request through, but will
- have a difficult time with packets after that. The connect request is
- short so it has much less of a chance of being destroyed by noise or
- collisions than a packet containing information. Keeping information
- packets short can help keep retries down when the path is less than ideal.
-
- NODES:
- Net/Rom, TheNet, G8BPQ packet switch and KA-Node are names that refer to a
- device called a packet node, another means of connecting to other packet
- stations. Later on in this series you'll find a complete review of node
- operation, but for now we'll cover the basics so that you can begin using
- the node network. The difference you should note here is that you connect
- to a node rather than using it in a connect path as you do with a digi-
- peater.
-
- First, you need to determine what nodes are located close to you. You can
- do this by monitoring and watching for an ID or by watching to see what
- other stations in your area are using. You'll note that most nodes have an
- alias ID in addition to its callsign. Once you determine the callsign or
- alias of a local node, you connect to it the same way as you connect to any
- other packet station. You may use either the callsign or the alias to make
- the connection. For example, the node I operate has the alias ID of SF and
- the callsign of WB9LOZ-2, so you could connect to it using "C SF" or
- "C WB9LOZ-2". Either one will work.
-
- When you connect to a node, your TNC automatically switches to converse
- mode, just like when you connect to any packet station. Anything you now
- type is sent to the node as a packet, and the node acknowledges each packet
- back to your TNC. For the remainder of your connection your TNC works only
- with this one node.
-
- To use the node network to connect to another local station, you simply
- enter a connect request as though you were connecting direct from your TNC,
- such as "C WB9LOZ". You do this, however, while you ARE STILL CONNECTED TO
- THE NODE. The node will then retransmit your connect request and you'll
- receive one of two responses: "Connected to (callsign)" or "Failure with
- (callsign)". Once you're connected you hold your QSO just as if you had
- connected direct or via a digipeater. When you're finished, go to command
- mode on your TNC (Control C) and enter "D" (CR) and you will be discon-
- nected from the node and the station you were working.
-
- (NOTE: If the node you're using is a G8BPQ packet switch, it might have
- several frequency ports. You'll have to enter a port number between the C
- and the callsign in your connect request to indicate the frequency you want
- to use, such as "C 2 WB9LOZ". Enter "PORTS" for a port list.)
-
- When you're connected to a node enter "NODES" <CR> and you'll receive a
- list of other nodes that you can reach on the network from the node you're
- using. You'll note that the node list will vary in length and in the calls
- listed as you move from frequency to frequency, since all frequencies are
- not linked together. The list gives both an alias ID and a callsign for
- each node. The alias ID often gives you a hint as to where the node is
- located, but not always. To find out for sure where a node is located
- you'll need to get a copy of the descriptive node listings that are avail-
- able on most packet bulletin board systems. These complete lists give the
- alias, callsign, location, frequency and other information on each node in
- the network.
-
- To connect to a station in another area using the node network you first
- must determine which node is closest to the station you want to work. For
- demonstration purposes, let's say we want to connect to N6ZYX. He's told
- you he uses the the W6AMT-3 node, so you check the node list and see that
- SFO3:W6AMT-3 is listed. WHILE STILL CONNECTED TO YOUR LOCAL NODE you first
- connect to the distant node by sending a normal connect request, in this
- case "C W6AMT-3". Your TNC will send this as a packet to your local node
- and your local node will acknowledge it. The network will then go to work
- for you and find the best path between your local node and the one you're
- trying to reach. You might have to be a little patient here, as it some-
- times takes a few minutes for the connection to be completed. You'll then
- see one of two responses: "Connected to W6AMT-3" OR "Failure with
- W6AMT-3". If it can't connect for some reason, try again later. It could
- be that W6AMT-3 is temporarily off the air or the path has decayed and is
- no longer available. We're going to be positive here and say we received
- the first option.
-
- Once you're connected to W6AMT-3, enter "C N6XYZ". Again, your TNC will
- send this as a packet to your local node and the local node will acknowl-
- edge it and send it down the path to W6AMT-3. W6AMT-3 will then attempt
- to connect to N6XYZ. Here again you'll get one of the two responses:
- "Connected to N6XYZ" OR "Failure with N6XYZ". If you get connected,
- you hold your QSO just as you normally would, but there's one BIG
- difference -- your TNC is receiving acknowledgements from your local
- node, and N6XYZ is receiving acknowledgements from W6AMT-3. The acknowl-
- edgements do not have to travel the entire distance between the two end
- stations. Each node in the path handles the acknowledgement with the next
- node in line. Because of this, retries are greatly reduced, and your
- packets get through much faster.
-
- When you're finished with the QSO, you disconnect in the normal manner --
- go to Command Mode on your TNC and enter "D" <CR>. The entire path will
- then disconnect automatically for you.
-
- Nodes offer a variety of other features besides allowing you to connect to
- other stations, and we'll look at those in parts 10 and 11 of this series.
-
- - - - -
-