home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!ames!agate!physics20!ted
- From: ted@physics20 (Emory F. Bunn)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Simple poser about the early universe
- Followup-To: sci.physics
- Date: 11 Nov 1992 22:22:22 GMT
- Organization: University of California, Berkeley
- Lines: 71
- Sender: Ted Bunn
- Message-ID: <1ds12uINNb7b@agate.berkeley.edu>
- References: <1992Nov11.195607.210@maths.tcd.ie>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: physics20.berkeley.edu
-
- In article <1992Nov11.195607.210@maths.tcd.ie> spock@maths.tcd.ie (Thomas G. Hayes) writes:
-
- > I was just reading the other day that some satellite (Hubble I think)
-
- COBE, actually. Hubble sees in the visible and ultraviolet, while the
- background radiation is at much longer wavelengths.
-
- > has found variations in the background radiation of the universe.
- > Now, some astro-physicists would like to take this as strong evidence
- > for the inhomogenity of the early universe, whereas others take the
- > variations to be a result of the gravitational waves created during
- > the inflationary period of the universe.
- > Now, the question I want to ask is this:
- > Could not the gravitational waves have actually caused the
- > inhomogenities in the first place? If an area of space is compressed
- > by a gravitational wave, surely this area is more dense than the
- > surrounding areas? If not, why not?
-
- This is a good question, which touches on a couple of issues that have
- been presented obscurely at best in the recent early universe media blitz.
- The early Universe seems to have been nearly uniform, but with small
- perturbations. At any particular time, there can be a few different forms
- of perturbations:
-
- (1) The density could vary from place to place; relativity would then require
- the curvature of space to vary along with it.
- (2) The density could be uniform, while the composition of stuff could vary
- from place to place; for example, the ratio of protons to photons
- could be a function of position. In this case, there are no perturbations
- to the spacetime geometry at that time, although such perturbations will
- develop later.
- (3) There could be perturbations in the geometry but not in the matter.
-
- Or of course you could have any combination of these. In fact, there's no
- reason to expect any of them to be absent. As time passes, the various types
- mix together: Type-2 perturbations cause type-1 perturbations, and so on.
- (What you point out above is that type 3 causes type 1, and that's quite
- correct.) However, at any instant it might be convenient to use these
- categories as a basis of sorts for describing the perturbations. Of
- course, it's tricky: The field equations impose constraints on what
- perturbations are allowed; also, you have to be careful to distinguish
- real physical perturbations from "gauge modes" that simply arise from
- an unfortunate choice of coordinates.
-
- Now it turns out that some type-3 perturbations just propagate like
- waves: They introduce ephemeral distortions in the density field as they
- pass by, but they don't cause any lasting (growing) effects. These
- are the ones people talk about when they refer to gravity wave perturbations.
-
- One question that's important to cosmologists, of course, is whether the
- microwave-background fluctuations are caused by perturbations of the
- sort that will eventually grow into large structures, or whether they're
- caused by the harmless gravity-wave perturbations (or some mixture of the
- two). Of course, without a credible theory to explain where the
- perturbations come from, there's not much hope of answering that
- question. To make matters worse, it appears that the most popular
- model for the origin of the perturbations, the inflationary model,
- has a free parameter related to the ratio of gravity-wave to growing-mode
- perturbations. So things don't look good for distinguishing between
- the two cases.
-
- (It turns out that the simplest models of inflation predict that the
- ratio of the amplitudes of microwave-background fluctuations on
- different angular scales depends on whether the fluctuations come
- from density perturbations or gravity waves, so if some of the small-
- angular-scale experiments get solid results, it might be possible
- to say something.)
-
- -Ted
-
- a theory of where the
-