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- Path: sparky!uunet!destroyer!cs.ubc.ca!unixg.ubc.ca!unixg.ubc.ca!israel
- From: israel@unixg.ubc.ca (Robert B. Israel)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: Electoral college (was Re: Bill Clinton and Complex Analysis)
- Date: 12 Nov 92 23:18:17 GMT
- Organization: The University of British Columbia
- Lines: 55
- Message-ID: <israel.721610297@unixg.ubc.ca>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: unixg.ubc.ca
-
- The historical discussion here has been interesting, but my original
- post was of a more mathematical nature. There are two related problems,
- which might be interesting for a course on discrete optimization:
-
- (A) How many electoral votes could Perot have taken, given the number of
- votes he received? Here I'm allowing votes to be moved around, subject to
- keeping fixed the total national votes for each candidate, and the total
- number of votes cast in each state.
-
- (B) How many votes must a candidate in a 3-way race receive in order to
- get a majority in the electoral college? Again I'm assuming the total
- number of votes cast in each state is fixed.
-
- Both of these can be formulated as "knapsack problems". Written as an
- integer linear programming problem, (A) is
-
- maximize
- sum_{i=1..51} e_i x_i
- subject to
- sum_{i=1..51} v_i x_i <= P
- all x_i in {0,1}
-
- Here i ranges over the 50 states plus District of Columbia, e_i is the number
- of electoral votes for state i, v_i is the number of votes needed to win state
- i (= [(V_i + 4)/3], where V_i is the total number of votes cast in state i,
- and [] is the greatest-integer function), and P is the total vote for Perot.
- We interpret x_i = 1 as meaning Perot wins state i, 0 that he doesn't. In
- states with x_i = 1, Perot gets v_i votes and the rest are split as evenly
- as possible among the other two candidates. The remaining votes are
- allocated to the other states, arbitrarily except for totals.
-
- Similarly, (B) is the problem
- minimize
- sum_{i=1..51} v_i x_i
- subject to
- sum_{i=1..51} e_i x_i >= 270
- all x_i in {0,1}
-
- I used data from the New York Times (not-quite-complete returns, but at least
- 99% in almost all states), and solved the problem using LINDO. Note that
- P = 19,237,247, or 19.02% of the votes cast.
-
- Results:
- (A) Perot takes 338 electoral votes (62.8% of the total), winning all
- states except Fla, Ill, La, Md, Mass, Mich, Minn, Mo, NJ, Ohio, Pa, Va and Wis.
- (B) 14,802,010 votes (14.64% of the total), winning all states except
- Colo, Conn, Fla, Ill, Kans, Mass, Mich, Minn, Mo, NJ, NY, Ohio, Pa, Texas, Va,
- and Wis.
-
-
- --
- Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca
- Department of Mathematics or israel@unixg.ubc.ca
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Y4
-