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- Path: sparky!uunet!olivea!hal.com!darkstar.UCSC.EDU!joel
- From: joel@cse.ucsc.edu (Joel Darnauer)
- Newsgroups: comp.lsi.testing
- Subject: Re: to test or not to test
- Message-ID: <17ul8mINNhgu@darkstar.UCSC.EDU>
- Date: 1 Sep 92 02:41:26 GMT
- Organization: Computer Engineering, UC Santa Cruz
- Lines: 68
- NNTP-Posting-Host: arapaho.ucsc.edu
-
- I believe there must be someone out there that has extended
- the qualitative anaylsis of the situation to a more
- quantitative analysis. It is relatively easy to look past
- the system you are designing to the system that it will be
- incorporated into to get an idea what the cost of assembly
- defects is.
-
-
- BENEFITS OF TESTING
- -------------------
- Most testing significantly reduces the risk of failure. Take
- for example the following scenario: We are manufacturing a
- product, say a workstation, from N:=100 ICs which all have
- identical and independent probability of being defect-free,
- y:=99.9%. (1000ppms is a bit low for most ICs, but still
- pretty good).
-
- With no assembly errors, the yield of the assembly will be
- about Y:=y^N=90%, which for large N can be very small indeed.
- By not testing the devices before assembly, we are taking the
- risk that the effort expended in the assembly operation will
- be wasted. If the cost of the assembly operation and parts
- is C:=$200 ($100 labor plus parts at $1 each), then risk
- involved in not testing the components is R:=C(1-Y) or $20.
- Let us assume that diagnosis and rework are cost well over
- $20, so we just add %10(:=(1-Y)/Y) to our price and go to bed
- dreaming of the millions of dollars we could save if we, or
- rather our suppliers, had better yield.
-
-
- WHO SHOULD BEAR THE BURDEN OF TESTING?
- --------------------------------------
- This brings up a crucial point. In the bad old-days, or so I
- am told, the industry had to rely on incoming inspection to
- keep yields high. This created a lot of problems for
- manufacturers, because each had to invest in seperate test
- equiptment for each component in thier assembly. It far more
- logical (i.e. economical) for the supplier to guarantee his
- part before shipping it out, because he has the expertise to
- perform the tests and can spread the cost over millions sold
- rather than a few thousand bought. Plus, if you don't test,
- your customers will eventually migrate to more reliable
- suppliers, unless they share a similar disinterest in guaranteeing
- their product.
-
-
- PRICE OF TESTING
- ----------------
- Though I believe little is known about the cost of test
- coverage I think it is fair to say that 10% of the faults in
- the fault model- universe in question probably account for
- 90% of the failures. This is the only reason why I can think
- that functional test can compete with ATPG. Since finding a
- test-set with %100 fault-coverage for even the simplest types
- of fault models is NP-complete, it is usually imposible to
- guarantee 100% yield. What I want to know is: what is the
- marginal cost/benefit of testing? I.e. how much
- computational work does it take to "add" a vector to a
- non-redundant test set, and how many more real defects is
- that vector likely to detect?
-
- What seems to be lacking at this point is a rigorous model of
- where exactly the cost of test begins to exceede the benefits
- of test. The question posed should not be "To Test or Not
- to Test?" but "How Much Testing is Needed?"
-
- Joel Darnauer
- joel@ce.ucsc.edu
-