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- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!agate!dog.ee.lbl.gov!csa2.lbl.gov!sichase
- From: sichase@csa2.lbl.gov (SCOTT I CHASE)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Symmetries, groups, and categories
- Date: 16 Aug 92 18:55:30 GMT
- Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory - Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lines: 72
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- Message-ID: <25518@dog.ee.lbl.gov>
- References: <1992Aug13.122004.19299@nuscc.nus.sg> <1992Aug13.182411.11593@galois.mit.edu> <4537@news.duke.edu> <1992Aug14.195651.22652@galois.mit.edu>
- Reply-To: sichase@csa2.lbl.gov
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- In article <1992Aug14.195651.22652@galois.mit.edu>, jbaez@zermelo.mit.edu (John C. Baez) writes...
- >
- >Another cool thing is that superdense superheated plasmas of baryons and
- >mesons can get so hot that the quarks become effectively free... I think
- >Scott is working on torturing particles in this manner.
-
- Correct. But I would describe it a little bit differently. If you heat
- up a chunk of nuclear matter (most closely approximated in the laboratory
- by colliding heavy nuclei at high energy) you will convert the nuclear
- liquid into a hadronic gas. Further heat or pressure will convert the
- hadron gas into a plasma of free quarks and qluons, called (for some
- strange reason) a quark-gluon plasma, or QGP. At least that is what
- many people believe on the basis of zillions of CPU hours of lattice
- gauge calculation.
-
- The experimental problem is a nightmare. In the latest generation
- experiment (on which I have worked a little when I should have been
- working on my thesis expt.) Au nuclei will collide at 200 GeV/nucleon
- in the C.M. at a new accelerator at BNL called RHIC (Relativistic Heavy
- Ion Collider.) Typical particle multiplicities are 6000 per collision,
- of which 1000 will land in the acceptance of our central TPC. By
- comparison, CDF sees multiplities of order 100.
-
- The idea is to have so many particles that the system approximates a
- thermodynamic state resembling infinite nuclear matter, with properties
- which can be calculated using the statistical mechanics of strong
- interactions.
-
- The big problem is identifying an unambiguous "signature" for QGP formation
- during the hot dense phase of the interaction. After all, after a few
- Fermi/c, the system expands and, if it ever *was* a QGP, rehadronizes into
- mostly pions and other junk which fly into your detector and look an awful
- lot like the mess you would see if the collision had produced a hadron gas
- instead.
-
- One signature that has gotten some broad attention is "J/Psi suppression."
- The idea is that in a collision which passes through a QGP phase,
- charm-anticharm pairs which are formed in individual parton-parton interactions
- are Debye screened from one another due to the "melted vacuum" of the QGP,
- which is no longer confining. There will be a larger tendency toward
- producing open charm in such a collision than one in which a QGP is not formed,
- leading to a suppression of dileptons at the J/Psi mass, a fairly
- straightforward experimental signature. So you vary the beam energy,
- system mass, and trigger, and you watch what happens to the J/Psi yield in
- a dilepton experiement. Having seen suppression in events with high
- transverse energy (a typical trigger condition) relative to minimum bias,
- the crux of the issue is whether there can be a "standard" nuclear physics
- explanation of the same effect.
-
- There are many other signatures being studied. Our experiment, STAR, at
- RHIC, will study, among other things, "jet quenching" which is a process
- by which hard quarks passing through a bubble of QGP loose energy, so that
- in the end there are fewer hard jets than in non-QGP-forming collisions.
-
- The nuclear physics of many-particle collisions is complex and not well
- understood, so we are really on the hairy edge of experimental possibility.
- Deciphering what any experiment ultimately means is a difficult business.
- It's not as clear as many particle physics experiments, where the result
- is the measurement of a single well-defined quantity. Rather, evidence
- for quark deconfinement in heavy-ion collisions is likely to be a cumulative
- body of many indirect pieces of evidence.
-
- There's so much more to say about the subject, that if I don't stop now
- I'll end up writing a book - which really should wait until I graduate.
-
- -Scott
- --------------------
- Scott I. Chase "The question seems to be of such a character
- SICHASE@CSA2.LBL.GOV that if I should come to life after my death
- and some mathematician were to tell me that it
- had been definitely settled, I think I would
- immediately drop dead again." - Vandiver
-