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- Posted-Date: Mon, 25 Jan 93 15:32:30 -0800
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- Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 15:32:30 -0800
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- From: Marken@COURIER4.AERO.ORG
- Subject: Output bush/Perception bush
- Lines: 76
-
- [From Rick Marken (920125.1500)]
-
- Avery Andrews (930123.1350) --
-
- >An important point is that PCT does not challenge the existence of CPGs,
- >rather, it simply claims that they will normally produce reference levels
- >for perceptions (and will therefore in general be able to produces
- >error signals and drive behavior when the afferent pathways or cut, although
- >considerable retuning will be necessary to get passably effective behavior).
-
- While re-reading this nice little comment by Avery (I think a CPG is a
- Central Program Generator?) on an article by Schmidt, I had a bit on an "aha"
- experience. Perhaps (I aha'ed) one reason for the glaring mistakes about
- PCT in the motor control literature is the difficulty of understanding how
- control of a scaler (perceptual) variable can be responsible for "control" of
- the
- vector (output) variable that we see as behavior. I often see diagrams of
- systems
- that control sequences of responses or several simultaneous responses which
- look like an upside down bush (not the ex-president ) with the trunk at the
- top
- and the branches diverging toward the bottom. This, I think, is the most
- "natural" way to think of the process of producing these outputs. "Lifting an
- arm", for example, requires setting the appropriate values for the tensions in
- 5 or so muscles. The "lifing an arm" response is thought of as a vector with
- five components that must be set appropriately.
-
- When people think of control theory, they think of set points for scalars --
- so
- if control theory is applied to arm lifting, the tendency is to imagine that
- one
- control system should be assigned to each scalar component of the vector
- output (each muscle). But it is also possible to have a control system
- controlling
- a scalar quantity that is a function of ALL components of the output vector at
- once
- -- a single scalar number, p, can vary as the sum of 5 muscles tensions, for
- example. The scaler perception now represents a complex of tensions -- a
- sensation in the BCP hierarchy. This perception will now be controlled by
- varying
- all the muscle tensions appropriately (not very interesting control if there
- is no
- disturbance to the indivdual tensions -- but very interesting when there are).
-
- The "aha" is just that I think it is hard for people to understand that scaler
-
- perceptual variables (which are, indeed, all that a control system controls)
- can
- represent complex aspects of the environment, each aspect influenced by MANY
- of the systems own outputs. The model of perception in BCP looks the same
- as the model of output in conventional models except that the top of the
- perception
- bush is the controlled variable,p. There is also an output bush in PCT; the
- top of
- this bush is an error signal.
-
- There are plenty of difficult problems for PCT; but they are the inverse (so
- to
- speak) of the problems of conventional models. The problems of conventional
- models involve finding ways to turn a command signal into all the "right"
- outputs
- that achieve the command. The problems for PCT models involve finding ways to
- represent the consequences of outputs as a scalar perception. Conventional
- approaches
- want to know how to generate outputs; PCT wants to know how to generate per-
- ceptions. Both problems are equally difficult (probably) -- but the PCT
- problem has
- one advantage -- it is soluble. The presense of unpredictable and undetectable
-
- disturbances in the environment make the conventional goal impossible to
- achieve
- in the real world.
-
- Best
-
- Rick
-