home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: sci.lang
- Path: sparky!uunet!paladin.american.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!stanford.edu!nntp.Stanford.EDU!alderson
- From: alderson@cisco.com (Rich Alderson)
- Subject: Re: Proto-languages: what are the rules?
- In-Reply-To: cowan@snark.thyrsus.com (John Cowan)
- Message-ID: <1993Jan12.015653.23287@leland.Stanford.EDU>
- Originator: alderson@leland.Stanford.EDU
- Sender: news@leland.Stanford.EDU (Mr News)
- Reply-To: alderson@cisco.com (Rich Alderson)
- Organization: Cisco Systems (MIS)
- References: <1k3wmj#3X2tH88WtzQs7tp3yw6svQZq=cowan@snark.thyrsus.com>
- Date: Tue, 12 Jan 93 01:56:53 GMT
- Lines: 61
-
- In article <1k3wmj#3X2tH88WtzQs7tp3yw6svQZq=cowan@snark.thyrsus.com>, cowan@snark (John Cowan) writes:
- >Disclaimer: The following expresses a desire for an explanation, NOT a
- >flame against the comparative method or even against its results.
- >
- >Something that's always puzzled me: how do historical linguists decide
- >what form should be the standard reconstructed form? Consider the following
- >two cases:
-
- They're told in their classes in comparative method. :->
-
- In general, appeals are made to plausibility of development, based on such
- things as known histories of languages, proposed linguistic universals, etc.
-
- >In the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European, we find that Germanic languages
- >have /f/ where other IE languages have /p/ in a large number of words.
- >Confidently, we reconstruct IE /p/ and postulate a sound-change that affected
- >Germanic only. Well and good.
-
- However, recently there has been a suggestion that Germanic and Armenian (which
- has a similar though not identical set of changes from standard PIE) may show
- the original state of affairs, and the rest of Indo-European shows a shared
- innovation. This grows out of work begun to bring our reconstructions into
- line with Jakobson's purported universal, that no language has voiced aspirates
- without also having voiceless aspirates.
-
- (The other objection, that no language has aspirates without also having /h/ as
- a phoneme can be answered by assigning /h/ as one of the reconstructed laryn-
- geals, which *I* would do for other reasons in any case.)
-
- >But in the reconstruction of Proto-Romance, we find that Sard has /k/ where
- >other Romance languages have /s/ in a large number of words. In this case,
- >the reconstruction is /k/, and the postulation is that a sound-change
- >affected >all< the Romance languages except Sard. Apparent methodological
- >contradiction.
-
- Not really. After all, the methodology is to examine plausibility of proposed
- changes.
-
- There is, of course, an example of a change in the opposite direction within
- Indo-European. In Albanian, one[1] outcome of *s is a voiced palatal stop,
- written <gj>: The word for "snake," cognate with Latin serpens, Greek herpes,
- Sanskrit sarpa-, is <gjarpr>.
-
- [1] Unfortunately, I haven't studied Albanian myself, and have to rely on the
- handbooks for information like this. I should have availed myself of the
- chance when I was at Chicago.
-
- >I realize, of course, that classical Latin provides a check on Proto-Romance.
- >Nevertheless, I suppose there must be other such cases that I have not heard
- >of. What general principle determines what is the Right Thing?
-
- Occam's Razor.
-
- So many more intermediate stages must be posited for a change from a dentalveo-
- lar fricative to a palatovelar stop than vice versa that we find a change from
- *k > s the more likely one.
- --
- Rich Alderson 'I wish life was not so short,' he thought. 'Languages take
- such a time, and so do all the things one wants to know about.'
- --J. R. R. Tolkien,
- alderson@leland.stanford.edu _The Lost Road_
-