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- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Path: sparky!uunet!pipex!pavo.csi.cam.ac.uk!gjm11
- From: gjm11@cus.cam.ac.uk (G.J. McCaughan)
- Subject: Re: need proof: (1 + 1/n)^n ==> e
- Message-ID: <1992Dec16.011040.24722@infodev.cam.ac.uk>
- Sender: news@infodev.cam.ac.uk (USENET news)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: apus.cus.cam.ac.uk
- Organization: U of Cambridge, England
- References: <1glr2qINN2vg@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu>
- Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1992 01:10:40 GMT
- Lines: 38
-
- First proof
- -----------
-
- (1+1/n)^n = sum{r=0..n} of (n choose r)/n^r
- = sum{r=0..n} of n(n-1)...(n-r+1)/n^r.r!
- = sum{r=0..n} of 1(1-1/n)(1-2/n)...(1-(r-1)/n))/r!
-
- On the one hand, this is less than 1/0!+1/1!+1/2!+...+1/n!.
- On the other hand, the "r-term" is less than 1/r! by a factor of less
- than (1-(r-1)/n)^r, which we may easily check (um, induction on r or
- something) is at least 1-r(r-1)/n. So, writing m for the integer part
- of n^(1/3), the sum is at least (1-1/m)(1/0!+...+1/m!).
-
- Both of these expressions tend to e as n tends to infinity. So (1+1/n)^n
- is sandwiched between two numbers, both of which are arbitrarily close to
- e if n is large enough. So it tends to e,
-
- QED.
-
- Second proof
- ------------
-
- (Taking the definition log(x)=integral{1..x} of dt/t as fundamental,
- so e is defined as the number whose logarithm is 1.)
-
- We may show that log(ab)=log(a)+log(b) by splitting the integral into
- the ranges 1..a and a..ab, and using substitution on the latter.
- It follows that log(a^n)=n.log(a).
- Now, log(1+1/n) is at least 1/n times n/(n+1) [width times least height]
- and at most 1/n times 1 [width times most height]. So n times that lies
- between n/(n+1) and 1, hence tends to 1. Since the inverse of the log
- function is continuous (easy exercise) (1+1/n)^n tends to e,
-
- QED.
-
- --
- Gareth McCaughan Dept. of Pure Mathematics & Mathematical Statistics,
- gjm11@cus.cam.ac.uk Cambridge University, England. [Research student]
-