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- Newsgroups: sci.edu
- Path: sparky!uunet!emba-news.uvm.edu!newton.emba.uvm.edu!cavrak
- From: cavrak@emba-news.uvm.edu.UUCP (Steve Cavrak)
- Subject: Re: What's happening with programmed learning/teaching machines?
- Message-ID: <1992Jul29.012704.23784@uvm.edu>
- Originator: cavrak@newton.emba.uvm.edu
- Sender: news@uvm.edu
- Organization: University of Vermont -- Division of EMBA Computer Facility
- References: <13643@gazette.bcm.tmc.edu>
- Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1992 01:27:04 GMT
- Lines: 52
-
- From article <13643@gazette.bcm.tmc.edu>, by steffen@mbcr.bcm.tmc.edu (David Steffen):
-
- ... Teaching machines simply automated this process.
-
- This seemed like a good idea at the time, it still seems like a
- good idea to me, and given the wide availability of computers,
- seems much more practical now than then. Does anyone know
- what ever happened to this concept? Has it been discredited
- in educational circles, has it fallen between the cracks, or
- is it in widespread use, and everyone knows about it but me?
-
- While not totally "discredited", it certainly has passed out out vogue.
-
- There are a number of things that are "wrong" (i.e. limiting) about
- it.
-
- - Skinner, who was very instrumental in proposing the original models,
- was quite insistant that the number of "stimulus - response" pairs
- required in getting to a level of competence was quite large. He
- estimated something like 100,000 arithmetic "problems" to reach a 3rd
- grade level.
-
- - except in rare cases, "programming" instruction along that mechanical
- model falls apart quite rapidly. The human effort involved is
- tremendous; arithmetic is one of the nice counter examples.
-
- - most of learning is not "rote" memorization or "stimulus - response"
- but "model acquisition". People try to understand what is going on
- about them, how things work, and what they can do next. Jerome
- Bruner, a colleague of Skinner across the street, was one of the
- people to point out the difference between "teaching" and "learning".
-
- - learning is most effective when it is "active", ie when the learner
- is "setting the agenda" or "in control". Sherry Turkle's "The Second
- Self" shows how quickly kids get bored with the lock step and quickly
- learn to "subvert" the "teaching" machine and turn it into a "learning"
- machine.
-
- - as computers, and especially personal computers have become more
- powerful, and as instruction has matured, people have learned to make
- computers flexible "mind" tools that students can use -- to improve
- their hand writing, to improve their reading, etc. It's frightening
- how many "learning handicaps" vanish when students are given a computer
- to help them along. Computers are something that students can
- "control" rather than be controlled by.
-
- Basically, the original "teaching machine" model represented a poor
- understanding of what learning was all about and what computers could
- do for it.
-
- Ciao
- Steve
-