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{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Slovakr.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Slovakia"}
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Slovakia, click {z,"15.806298,47.084449,22.416507,52.046357",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Central Europe, south of Poland
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 48,845 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 48,800 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} about twice the size of New Hampshire
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1,355 km
{3}border countries:{4} Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km, Poland 444 km,
Ukraine 90 km
{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km (landlocked)
{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)
{2}International disputes:{4} Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues with
Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal property
{2}Climate:{4} temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
{2}Terrain:{4} rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south
{3}lowest point:{4} Bodrok River 94 m
{3}highest point:{4} Gerlachovka 2,655 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore;
salt
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} NA%
{3}permanent crops:{4} NA%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} NA%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} NA%
{3}other:{4} NA%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} NA sq km
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; acid rain
damaging forests
{2}natural hazards:{4} NA
{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-
Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea
{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4} 5,374,362 (July 1996 est.)
{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 22% (male 605,379; female 579,232)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 67% (male 1,777,100; female 1,812,555)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 11% (male 234,377; female 365,719) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4} 0.34% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4} 12.62 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4} 9.35 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4} 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.98 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.64 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 73.01 years
{3}male:{4} 69.01 years
{3}female:{4} 77.21 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.65 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Slovak(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Slovak
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.7%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures
underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or more), Czech 1%,
Ruthenian 0.3%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.3%
{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other 17.5%
{2}Languages:{4} Slovak (official), Hungarian
{2}Literacy:{4} NA
{1}Government{4}
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Slovak Republic
{3}conventional short form:{4} Slovakia
{3}local long form:{4} Slovenska Republika
{3}local short form:{4} Slovensko
{2}Type of government:{4} parliamentary democracy
{2}Capital:{4} Bratislava
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 4 departments (kraje, singular - kraj) Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky,
Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky
{2}Independence:{4} 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)
{2}National holiday:{4} Slovak Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)
{2}Constitution:{4} ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993
{2}Legal system:{4} civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal
{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993) was elected for a five-year term
by the National Parliament; election last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998)
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since 12 December 1994) was appointed
by the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Cabinet was appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime minister
{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
National Parliament (Narodni Rada): elections last held 30 September-1 October 1994 (next to be
held by October 1998); results - HZDS 35%, SDL 10.4%, Hungarian coalition (Hungarian
Christian Democrats, Hungarian Civic Party, Coexistence) 10.2%, KDH 10.1%, DU 8.6%, ZRS
7.3%, SNS 5.4%; seats - (150 total) governing coalition 83 (HZDS 61, ZRS 13, SNS 9),
opposition 67 (SDL 18, Hungarian coalition 17, KDH 17, DU 15)
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court, judges are elected by the National Parliament
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS), Vladimir MECIAR,
chairman; Common Choice/Party of the Democratic Left (SDL), Peter WEISS, chairman;
Hungarian Christian Democrats, Vojtech BUGAR; Hungarian Civic Party; Coexistence, Miklos
DURAY, chairman; Christian Democratic Movement (KDH), Jan CARNOGURSKY; Democratic
Union (DU), Jozef MORAVCIK, chairman; Association of Slovak Workers (ZRS), Jan LUPTAK,
chairman; Slovak National Party (SNS), Jan SLOTA, chairman
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} Green Party; Social Democratic Party of Slovakia; Slovak
Christian Union
{2}International organization participation:{4} Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CCC, CE (guest),
CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
ITU, NACC, NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Branislav LICHARDUS
{3}chancery:{4} (temporary) Suite 380, 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 965-5161
{3}FAX:{4} [1] (202) 965-5166
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Ralph JOHNSON
{3}embassy:{4} Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava
{3}mailing address:{4} use embassy street address
{3}telephone:{4} [42] (7) 533-0861, 533-3338
{3}FAX:{4} [42] (7) 533-5439
{2}Flag:{4} three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with the Slovak
cross in a shield centered on the hoist side; the cross is white centered on a background of red
and blue
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} Since its separation from the Czech Republic on 1 January 1993, Slovakia
has continued the difficult transformation from a centrally controlled economy to a modern market-
oriented economy. Macroeconomic performance improved steadily in 1994 and 1995 - with 4.8%
and 6% growth, respectively. But privatization progressed only in fits and starts. Strong export
performance boosted growth in both years, with consumption and investment rebounding.
Unemployment fell to 12.8% in November 1995, the lowest level since mid-1993, and inflation
dropped from 26% in 1993 to 7.5% in 1995. The federal government deficit fell from 7% of GDP
in 1993 to less than 2% in 1994-95, as growth boosted revenues. Positive international financial
performance led Standard & Poor's to raise its rating of the National Bank of Slovakia's foreign
currency debt to just one step below investment grade. The trade and current accounts are both in
surplus, and foreign currency reserves held by the central bank have climbed to $3.5 billion.
Foreign debt of $4.6 billion - about the same as Romania's - is the lowest in Central and Eastern
Europe and the second lowest per capita. Bratislava made the Slovak crown convertible for
current account transactions on 1 October 1995. Slovakia continued to have difficulty attracting
foreign investment, however, because of perceived political uncertainty and vacillations in
privatization policy. The government as well as the OECD projects 5% growth in 1996 and 1997.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $39 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 6% (1995 est.)
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $7,200 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 6.7%
{3}industry:{4} 47.6%
{3}services:{4} 45.7% (1993 est.)
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 7.5% (1995 est.)
{2}Labor force:{4} 2.484 million
{3}by occupation:{4} industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication and other
44.3% (1990)
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 13% (1995 est.)
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $6.1 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995 est.)
{2}Industries:{4} metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil, and nuclear
fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics;
transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 7.8% (January-August 1995)
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 6,300,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 20.9 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 3,609 kWh (1993)
{2}Agriculture:{4} grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; hogs, cattle, poultry; forest products
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe
{2}Exports:{4} $8.8 billion (f.o.b., January-November 1995)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and metals;
agricultural products
{3}partners:{4} Czech Republic 35.4%, Germany 18.9%, Austria 5.0%, Italy 4.7%, Hungary 4.6%,
Poland 4.4%, Russia 3.6%, Ukraine 2.1%, France 2.0%, Netherlands 1.7% (January-October
1995)
{2}Imports:{4} $8.7 billion (f.o.b., January-November 1995)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured goods; raw
materials; chemicals; agricultural products
{3}partners:{4} Czech Republic 28.1%, Russia 16.8%, Germany 14.3%, Austria 5.2%, Italy 4.5%,
Poland 2.9%, US 2.3%, France 2.3%, Hungary 2.2%, Netherlands 1.7%, Ukraine 1.5% (January-
October 1995)
{2}External debt:{4} $4.6 billion hard currency indebtedness (1995 est.)
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $104 million (1993)
{2}Currency:{4} 1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov
{2}Exchange rates:{4} koruny (Sk) per US$1 - 29.587 (August 1995), 29.447 (November 1994), 32.045
(1994), 30.770 (1993), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991); note - values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak
exchange rate
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 3,660 km
{3}broad gauge:{4} 102 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 3,507 km 1.435-m gauge (1378 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 51 km (46 km 1,000-m gauge; 5 km 0.750-m gauge) (1995)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 17,737 km
{3}paved:{4} NA km
{3}unpaved:{4} NA km (1993 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} 172 km on the Danube
{2}Pipelines:{4} petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
{2}Ports:{4} Bratislava, Komarno
{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 17,010 GRT/22,039 DWT (1995 est.)
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 37
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 1
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 4
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 10
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 11 (1994 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 1,362,178 (1992 est.)
{2}Telephone system:{4}
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} NA
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there is 1 station of NA type
{2}Radios:{4} 1.1 million (1992 est.)
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 1
{2}Televisions:{4} 1.6 million (1994 est.)
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 1,442,321
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 1,104,901
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 48,695 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 3.0% of GDP (1995)