Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/197.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 26KB | 484 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Russia.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Russia"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Russia, click {z,"41.413534,6.763527,152.932331,90.090180",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), bordering
the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 17,075,200 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 16,995,800 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 19,913 km
{3}border countries:{4} Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south)
40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19
km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km,
Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 37,653 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
{3}exclusive economic zone:{4} 200 nm
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm

{2}International disputes:{4} inherited disputes from former USSR including sections of the boundary
with China; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the
Soviet Union in 1945, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway
over portion of the Barents Sea; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined; potential dispute
with Ukraine over Crimea; Estonia claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory in the Narva and
Pechora regions; the Abrene section of the border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
to Russia in 1944; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so)
and does not recognize the claims of any other nation

{2}Climate:{4} ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia;
subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea
coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

{2}Terrain:{4} broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia;
uplands and mountains along southern border regions
{3}lowest point:{4} Caspian Sea -28 m
{3}highest point:{4} Mount El'brus 5,633 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,
and many strategic minerals, timber
{3}note:{4} formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 8%
{3}permanent crops:{4} NEGL%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 5%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 45%
{3}other:{4} 42%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 56,000 sq km (1992)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and
transportation in major cities; industrial and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea
coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural
chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination

{2}natural hazards:{4} permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic
activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-
Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

{2}Geographic note:{4} largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to
major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates
(either too cold or too dry) for agriculture


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 148,178,487 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 21% (male 15,792,573; female 15,213,854)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 67% (male 48,145,679; female 51,125,902)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 12% (male 5,403,066; female 12,497,413) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} -0.07% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 10.15 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 16.34 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} 5.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.94 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.43 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.88 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 63.24 years
{3}male:{4} 56.51 years
{3}female:{4} 70.31 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.42 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Russian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Russian

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

{2}Religions:{4} Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

{2}Languages:{4} Russian, other

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 98%
{3}male:{4} 100%
{3}female:{4} 97%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Russian Federation
{3}conventional short form:{4} Russia
{3}local long form:{4} Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
{3}local short form:{4} Rossiya
{3}former:{4} Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

{2}Type of government:{4} federation

{2}Capital:{4} Moscow

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya
respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy),
Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia
(Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk),
Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia
(Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk),
Yakutia - also known as Sakha (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur
(Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk,
Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov,
Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov,
Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg),
Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh,
Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,
Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'; 10 autonomous okrugs; Aga (Aginskoye),
Chukotka (Anadyr'), Evenkia (Tura), Khantia-Mansia (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakia (Palana),
Nenetsia (Nar'yan-Mar), Permyakia (Kudymkar), Taymyria (Dudinka), Ust'-Onda (Ust'-Ordynskiy),
Yamalia (Salekhard); 1 autonomous oblast (avtomnykh oblast'); Birobijan
{3}note:{4} the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia were formerly the autonomous
republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechnya and Ingushetia has yet to be
determined); the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are federal cities; an administrative division
has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses)

{2}Independence:{4} 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, June 12 (1990)

{2}Constitution:{4} adopted 12 December 1993

{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991) was elected for a five-
year term by universal suffrage under the constitution of 12 December 1993, but subsequent
presidents, beginning with the 16 June 1996 election, will serve a four-year term; election last held
12 June 1991 (next to be held 16 June 1996); results - percent of vote NA; note - no vice
president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is
impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a
new presidential election is held, which must be within three months
{3}head of government:{4} Premier and Chairman of the Russian Federation Government Viktor
Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992), First Deputy Premiers and First
Deputy Chairmen of the Government Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April 1993) and Vladimir
KADANNIKOV (since 25 January 1996) were appointed by the president on approval of the
Dumas

{2}Security Council:{4} originally established as a presidential advisory body in June 1991, but
restructured in March 1992, with responsibility for managing individual and state security

{2}Presidential Administration:{4} drafts presidential edicts and provides staff and policy support to the
entire executive branch
{3}cabinet:{4} Ministries of the Government or "Government" was appointed by the president

{2}Group of Assistants:{4} schedules president's appointments, processes presidential edicts and other
official documents, and houses the president's press service and primary speechwriters

{2}Council of Heads of Republics:{4} includes the leaders of the 21 ethnic-based Republics

{2}Council of Heads of Administrations:{4} includes the leaders of the 66 autonomous territories and
regions, and the mayors of Moscow and St. Petersburg

{2}Presidential Council:{4} prepares policy papers for the president

{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral Federal Assembly

{2}Federation Council:{4} 178 seats, filled ex-officio by the top executive and legislative officials in each
of the 89 federal administrative units (oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts,
and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg)

{2}State Duma:{4} elections last held 17 December 1995 (next to be held NA December 1999); results -
percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share
of the 225 party list seats: Communist Party of the Russian Federation 22.3%, Liberal Democratic
Party of Russia 11.2%, Our Home Is Russia 10.1%, Yabloko Bloc 6.9%; seats - (450 total - half
elected in single-member districts and half elected from national party lists) Communist Party of
the Russian Federation 157, Independents 78, Our Home Is Russia 55, Liberal Democratic Party
of Russia 51, Yabloko Bloc 45, Agrarian Party of Russia 20, Russia's Democratic Choice 9, Power
To the People 9, Congress of Russian Communities 5, Forward, Russia! 3, Women of Russia 3,
other parties 15

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Constitutional Court, judges are appointed by the Federation Council on
recommendation of the president; Supreme Court (highest court for criminal, civil, and
administrative cases), judges are appointed by the Federation Council on recommendation of the
president; Superior Court of Arbitration (highest court that resolves economic disputes), judges are
appointed by the Federation Council on recommendation of the president

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4}
pro-market democrats: Our Home Is Russia, Viktor CHERNOMYRDIN; Yabloko Bloc, Grigoriy
YAVLINSKIY; Russia's Democratic Choice Party, Yegor GAYDAR; Forward, Russia!, Boris
FEDOROV
centrists/special interest parties: Congress of Russian Communities, Yuriy SKOKOV; Women of
Russia, Alevtina FEDULOVA and Yekaterina LAKHOVA
anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties: Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennadiy
ZYUGANOV; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY; Agrarian Party,
Mikhail LAPSHIN; Power To the People, Nikolay RYZHKOV and Sergey BABURIN; Russian
Communist Workers' Party, Viktor ANPILOV and Viktor TYULKIN
{3}note:{4} some 269 political parties, blocs, and associations tried to gather enough signatures to run
slates of candidates in the 17 December 1995 Duma elections; 43 succeeded

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} NA

{2}International organization participation:{4} BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, EBRD,
ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer),
OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III, UNCRO, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR,
UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant), ZC

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Yuliy Mikhaylovich VORONTSOV
{3}chancery:{4} 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone] through 5704
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING
{3}embassy:{4} Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow
{3}mailing address:{4} APO AE 09721
{3}telephone:{4} [7] [phone] through 59
{3}FAX:{4} [7] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg

{2}Flag:{4} three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well-educated
population, and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience formidable difficulties in moving
from its old centrally planned economy to a modern-market economy. The break-up of the USSR
into 15 successor states in late 1991 destroyed major economic links that have been only partially
replaced. As a result of these dislocations and the failure of the government to implement a
rigorous and consistent reform program, output in Russia has dropped by one-third since 1990
(instead of the one-half previously estimated). On the one hand, President YEL'TSIN's
government has made substantial strides in converting to a market economy since launching its
economic reform program in January 1992 by freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending,
eliminating the old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher privatization
program in 1994, establishing private financial institutions, and decentralizing foreign trade. On the
other hand, Russia has made little progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a
solid foundation for the transition to a market economy; and the strong showing of the communists
and nationalists in the Duma elections in December 1995 casts a shadow over prospects for
further reforms. In 1995, the new cash privatization program went slower than planned. The state
claims that the nonstate sector produced approximately 70% of GDP in 1995, up from 62% in
1994, although these figures apparently include many enterprises that have only nominally moved
out of state control. Moscow has been slow to develop the legal framework necessary to fully
support a market economy and to encourage foreign investment. Stockholder rights remain ill-
defined and the Duma has yet to adopt a land code that would allow development of land markets
as sources of needed capital. Russia's securities market remains largely unregulated and suffers
from the lack of a comprehensive securities law. In addition, Moscow has yet to develop a social
safety net that would allow faster restructuring by relieving enterprises of the burden of providing
social benefits for their workers. Most rank-and-file Russians perceive they are worse off because
of growing crime and health problems, the drop in real wages, the great rise in wage arrears, and
the widespread threat of unemployment. The number of Russians living below the official poverty
level rose by 10% to 36.6 million people, or 25% of the population. The decline in output slowed
during 1995, and some sectors showed signs of a turnaround; analysts forecast the resumption of
growth in 1996 - at a low rate. Russian official data, which fail to capture a considerable portion of
private sector output and employment, show that GDP declined by 4% in 1995, as compared with
a 15% decline in 1994. Despite continued declines in agricultural and industrial production,
unemployment climbed only slowly to about 8% of the work force by yearend because
government policies aimed at softening the impact of reforms have created incentives for
enterprises to keep workers on the rolls even as production slowed to a crawl. Moscow renewed
tightened financial policies in early 1995 and succeeded in reducing monthly consumer price
inflation from 18% in January to about 3% in December, the lowest monthly rate since the
beginning of reform. According to official trade statistics, Russia ran a $19.9 billion trade surplus
for 1995, up from $15.9 billion in 1994. It continued to shift its trade away from the other former
Soviet republics toward the West, with the CIS countries' share of Russian trade falling to 22% in
1995. Russia made good progress with official and commercial creditors in 1995 in resolving the
issue of its $105 billion in Soviet-era debts. When completed, these Paris Club and London Club
rescheduling agreements will reduce Russia's repayment liabilities from $20 billion to less than $5
billion annually through the end of the decade. Capital flight reportedly continued to be a problem
in 1995, with billions of additional dollars in assets being moved abroad, primarily to bank
accounts in Europe.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $796 billion (1995 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank
estimate for 1994)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} -4% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $5,300 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 6%
{3}industry:{4} 41%
{3}services:{4} 53%

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 7% monthly average (1995 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 85 million (1993)
{3}by occupation:{4} production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 8.2% (December 1995) with considerable additional underemployment

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

{2}Industries:{4} complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals,
and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space
vehicles; shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment;
agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles,
foodstuffs, handicrafts

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} -3% (1995 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 213,100,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 876 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 5,800 kWh (1994)

{2}Agriculture:{4} grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits (because of its northern location
does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products); meat, milk

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin
American illicit drugs to Western Europe and Latin America

{2}Exports:{4} $77.8 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
{3}commodities:{4} petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals,
chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
{3}partners:{4} Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

{2}Imports:{4} $57.9 billion (c.i.f., 1995)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, grain, sugar,
semifinished metal products
{3}partners:{4} Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

{2}External debt:{4} $130 billion (yearend 1995)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $2.8 billion (1993)
{3}note:{4} US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-95), $14 billion (1990-95); other countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1990-95), $125 billion

{2}Currency:{4} 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

{2}Exchange rates:{4} rubles per US$1 - 4,640 (29 December 1995), 3,550 (29 December 1994), 1,247
(27 December 1993)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service (38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km
serve specific industries and are not available for common carrier use
{3}broad gauge:{4} 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 934,000 km (including 445,000 km which serve specific industries or farms and are not
available for common carrier use)
{3}paved:{4} NA km
{3}unpaved:{4} NA km (1994 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km; routes with navigation guides
serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900 km; routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-
made navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km (30 June
1993)

{2}Ports:{4} Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk, Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov,
Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 745 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,730,178 GRT/9,385,565 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} barge carrier 2, bulk 25, cargo 406, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 21,
combination ore/oil 17, container 31, multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 134, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54, short-sea passenger 16,
specialized tanker 2
{3}note:{4} Russia owns an additional 163 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,276,829 DWT operating
under the registries of Malta, Cyprus, Liberia, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Honduras, The Bahamas, and Vanuatu (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,517
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 54
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 202
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 108
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 115
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 151
{3}with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 25
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 45
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 134
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 291
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 1,392 (1994 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 25.4 million (1993 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; enlisting foreign help, by means
of joint ventures, to speed up the modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only
661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991, and in 1992 the number
of unsatisfied applications for telephones reached 11,000,000; expanded access to international
electronic mail service available via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian
telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to international
connections
{3}domestic:{4} NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational and growing in Moscow
and St. Petersburg; intercity fiber-optic cable installation remains limited
{3}international:{4} international traffic is inadequately handled by a system of satellites, landlines,
microwave radio relay, and outdated submarine cables; much of this traffic passes through the
international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for the other
countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States; a new Russian Intersputnik satellite will
link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in
Europe and overseas; satellite earth stations - NA Intelsat, 4 Intersputnik (2 Atlantic Ocean
Region and 2 Indian Ocean Region), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean Region), and NA
Orbita

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there are about 1,050 (including
AM, FM, and shortwave) radio broadcast stations throughout the country

{2}Radios:{4} 50 million (1993 est.)(radio receivers with multiple speaker systems for program diffusion
74,300,000)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 7,183

{2}Televisions:{4} 54.85 million (1992 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 38,673,991
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 30,224,738
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 1,105,004 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} $NA, NA% of GDP
{3}note:{4} the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in Russia fell by about 20% in
real terms in 1995, reducing Russian defense outlays to about one-fifth of peak Soviet levels in
the late 1980s