Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/196.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 14KB | 353 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Romania.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Romania"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Romania, click {z,"19.814680,41.731281,30.528024,49.870932",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 237,500 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 230,340 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than Oregon

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,508 km
{3}border countries:{4} Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro
476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 225 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
contiguous zone: 24 nm
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
{3}exclusive economic zone:{4} 200 nm
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm

{2}International disputes:{4} certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and
Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory
was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940

{2}Climate:{4} temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with
frequent showers and thunderstorms

{2}Terrain:{4} central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the
Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian
Alps
{3}lowest point:{4} Black Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Moldoveanu 2,544 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 43%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 3%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 19%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 28%
{3}other:{4} 7%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 34,500 sq km (1989 est.)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial
effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

{2}natural hazards:{4} earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate
promote landslides

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea

{2}Geographic note:{4} controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and
Ukraine


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 21,657,162 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 20% (male 2,180,023; female 2,088,496)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 68% (male 7,261,160; female 7,393,531)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 12% (male 1,138,583; female 1,595,369) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} -1.21% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 9.77 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 12.27 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} -9.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.06 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.98 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.71 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 23.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 69.42 years
{3}male:{4} 65.51 years
{3}female:{4} 73.57 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.25 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Romanian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Romanian

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,
Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%

{2}Religions:{4} Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate), Protestant
6%, unaffiliated 18%

{2}Languages:{4} Romanian, Hungarian, German

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 97%
{3}male:{4} 98%
{3}female:{4} 95%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} none
{3}conventional short form:{4} Romania
{3}local long form:{4} none
{3}local short form:{4} Romania

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} Bucharest

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);
Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau,
Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu,
Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj,
Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

{2}Independence:{4} 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)

{2}National holiday:{4} National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)

{2}Constitution:{4} 8 December 1991

{2}Legal system:{4} former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the
Constitution of France's Fifth Republic

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional
Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) was elected for a four-year term by universal
suffrage; election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between top two candidates on 11
October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU
38.6%
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since NA November 1992) was
appointed by the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister

{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral Parliament
Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR
34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others 34.9%; seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-
FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2, other 1
House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held
NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR 16.4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%; seats - (341 total)
PSDR 116, CDR 56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5, other
19

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court of Justice, judges are appointed by the president on
recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre ROMAN; Social Democratic Party
of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR),
Bela MARKO; National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants'
Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Ion DIACONESCU; Romanian National Unity Party
(PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party
of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil
CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR; Civic Alliance Party
(PAC), Nicolae MANOLESCU, chairman; Liberal Party 1993 (PL-93)
{3}note:{4} numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to gain representation in the most
recent election

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} various human rights and professional associations

{2}International organization participation:{4} ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant),
FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarset,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer),
OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WCL, WEU
(associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Mircea Dan GEOANA
{3}chancery:{4} 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone], 4848, 4851
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Los Angeles and New York

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES
{3}embassy:{4} Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
{3}mailing address:{4} American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315, APO AE 09213-1315
{3}telephone:{4} [40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42
{3}FAX:{4} [40] (1) 210 03 95
branch office: Cluj-Napoca

{2}Flag:{4} three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that
used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and
Chad


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Romania, one of the poorer East European countries moving away from the
command economy, posted its third straight year of growth in 1995. Bucharest also was
successful in reducing its inflation rate to 25% - less than half the 1994 rate - because of tight
monetary and fiscal policies, while unemployment fell to 9% as the private sector hired more
workers. Despite these successes on the economic front, Romania has lagged much of Central
and Eastern Europe in the restructuring process. The private sector accounted for only 40% of
GDP in 1995 with over 90% of industry remaining in state hands. Privatization is slated to pick up
in 1996, but Bucharest faces other economic problems that could stall recovery, including a
growing budget deficit, limited reform of the agricultural and energy sectors, and accumulated
decay of the infrastructure.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $105.7 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 5.4% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $4,600 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 19.6%
{3}industry:{4} 36.3%
{3}services:{4} 44.1% (1994)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 25% (1995)

{2}Labor force:{4} 11.3 million (1992)
{3}by occupation:{4} industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 8.9% (December 1995)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $5.35 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $6.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995 est.)

{2}Industries:{4} mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food
processing, petroleum production and refining

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 3.3% (1994 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 22,180,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 50.8 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 2,076 kWh (1993)

{2}Agriculture:{4} wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; milk, eggs, meat

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine transiting
the Balkan route

{2}Exports:{4} $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
{3}commodities:{4} textiles and footwear 23.8%, metals and metal products 17.3%, fuels and mineral
products 11.6%, machinery and transport equipment 14.8%, chemicals 7.9%, food and
agricultural goods 6.5%, other 18.1% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} developing countries 30.3%, East and Central Europe 8.4%, Russia 3.4%, OECD
57.9% (EU 50%, US 3.1%) (1994)

{2}Imports:{4} $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
{3}commodities:{4} fuels and minerals 26.8%, machinery and transport equipment 25.1%, textiles and
footwear 12.3%, food and agricultural goods 9.3%, chemicals 7.9%, other 18.6% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} OECD 60% (EU 44.5%, US 6.5%), East and Central Europe 6.1%, developing
countries 16.6%, Russia 13.8%, other 3.5% (1994)

{2}External debt:{4} $4.7 billion (1995)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $81 million (1993)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 leu (L) = 100 bani

{2}Exchange rates:{4} lei (L) per US$1 - 2,599.24 (January 1996), 2,033.28 (1995), 1,655.09 (1994),
760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 11,374 km
{3}broad gauge:{4} 60 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,887 km 1.435-m gauge (3,866 km electrified; 3,060 km double track)
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 153,014 km
{3}paved:{4} 78,037 km (including 113 km of expressways)
{3}unpaved:{4} 74,977 km (1992 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 1,724 km (1984)

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992)

{2}Ports:{4} Braila, Constanta, Galatz, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 233 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,425,729 GRT/3,641,741 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 39, cargo 166, container 2, oil tanker 13, passenger 1, passenger-cargo 1,
railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9
{3}note:{4} Romania owns an additional 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,078,490 DWT operating
under the registries of Liberia, Malta, Cyprus, and The Bahamas (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 156
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 4
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 9
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 14
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 3
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 1
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 17
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 108 (1994 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 2.3 million (1990 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4}
{3}domestic:{4} poor service; 89% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is microwave radio
relay; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990 est.)
{3}international:{4} satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital international direct-dial exchanges are
in Bucharest (1993 est.)

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0

{2}Radios:{4} 4.64 million (1992 est.)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 13 (1990 est.)

{2}Televisions:{4} 4.58 million (1992 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 5,572,383
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 4,693,376
males reach military age (20) annually: 198,125 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $885 million, 3.0% of GDP (1995)