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$Unique_ID{COW03776}
$Pretitle{280}
$Title{Turkey
Chapter 5B. The Middle East}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Jean R. Tartter}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{military
defense
united
states
turkey
forces
national
turkish
general
nato}
$Date{1987}
$Log{}
Country: Turkey
Book: Turkey, A Country Study
Author: Jean R. Tartter
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1987
Chapter 5B. The Middle East
Turkey had been largely successful in preventing unstable conditions in
the Middle East from impeding its efforts to maintain harmonious, balanced
relations with its Muslim and Arab neighbors (see Turkey and the Middle East,
ch. 4). Accordingly, it did not feel obliged to assign high priority in its
strategic planning to the threat of military involvement in the Middle East in
spite of the conflicts that enflamed tensions in the region. Refraining from
lining up with either combatant in the Iran-Iraq war, Turkey studiously
avoided associating itself with actions by the United States or other Western
powers in the area. Thus, it did not agree to participate in contingency
planning for the use of United States rapid deployment forces in a Middle
Eastern emergency nor had it given blanket approval for the use of United
States facilities in Turkey for non-NATO purposes.
Turkey's evenhanded policies notwithstanding, events in the region could
necessitate modifications in its force deployments. Military victory by the
Islamic extremists governing Iran could trigger upheavals among Islamic
radicals within Turkey. Any initiative by Moscow to extend its influence and
penetration into northern Iran and toward the Persian Gulf would present a
highly threatening situation for Turkish security, enlarging the area of
confrontation with Soviet forces to the full length of Turkey's eastern
borders.
The use of territory of neighboring Middle Eastern countries as bases for
attacks by Kurdish insurgents also had the potential for serious discord.
Cooperation with Iraq, which faced a similar dissident problem among its
Kurds, was good. However, Iran was believed to be encouraging Kurdish activity
in order to tie down Iraqi forces in the northern part of Iraq, and Syria was
suspected of harboring Kurdish rebels and of providing them with arms (see
Kurdish Separatists, this ch.).
Turkish Participation in NATO
Turkey's decision to seek Western assistance after being confronted by
Soviet territorial demands at the conclusion of World War II and its
subsequent adherence to NATO's collective defense system have been the
principal factors influencing the country's modern military evolution. In 1950
Turkey demonstrated its gratitude for the military aid received from the
United States when it sent a brigade of 4,500 army troops to serve under the
United Nations Command in Korea. In the ensuing three years of combat, the
Turkish unit became known for its valor on the battlefield and amply
demonstrated the progress achieved in revitalizing Turkey's military
establishment. The brigade's courageous performance in combat resulted in the
highest casualty rate of any United Nations (UN) element engaged in the
fighting. Of 29,882 men who were rotated through the Korean brigade, 717 were
killed in action and 2,246 wounded.
Turkey formally applied for admission to NATO on August 1, 1950. A year
later a protocol was signed at London admitting Turkey and Greece as members,
effective February 18, 1952. The delay in obtaining full NATO membership
generated some discontent in Turkey, the more so in view of the
well-publicized involvement of Turkish troops in Korea. The fact that the UN
and NATO were organizationally distinct did not seem pertinent to many Turks.
They observed that both the alliance and the United Nations Command were
resisting communism, then widely viewed as monolithic, and that the chief
support of each was the power and influence of the United States.
Within NATO, nevertheless, extensive study and negotiations preceded
agreement on the strategy of extending the alliance's southern flank to
include the eastern Mediterranean region, and changes in the wording of the
treaty had been necessary to redefine its territorial area to include Turkey.
The admission of Turkey meant that 37 percent of the NATO- Warsaw Pact land
frontier as well as Turkey's Black Sea coast and the straits restricting the
Soviet Union's access to the Mediterranean would be defended by Turkey, with
the support of its NATO allies. At the same time, Turkey brought to the
alliance its second largest body of manpower after the United States, as well
as the availability of large territories for forward deployment and
intelligence gathering.
Under the provisions of the alliance, most of the Turkish armed forces
were committed to NATO command in the event of hostilities. Turkish land, air,
and sea units would come under the Commander in Chief Allied Forces Southern
Europe (CINCSOUTH) with its headquarters in Naples (see fig. 18). The largest
of NATO's four military regions, CINCSOUTH encompasses all of Italy, Greece,
Turkey, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea (including the Adriatic Sea,
the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Tyrrhenian Sea). CINCSOUTH prepared
for its missions by developing agreed contingency plans and by conducting
training exercises of assigned units and formations. Except for certain
integrated communications and air defense units and service personnel detailed
to various integrated headquarters, none came under NATO command unless
participating in exercises and alerts.
One of the five principal subordinate commands under CINCSOUTH, the
Allied Land Forces Southeastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST), was headquartered at
Izmir under a Turkish lieutenant general with an American officer as his
deputy. About 90 percent of Turkish land forces were committed to this
command. The two other commands with Turkish forces assigned to them were the
Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) under a United States lieutenant
general and Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe (NAVSOUTH) under command of an
Italian vice admiral. Both headquarters were located in the Naples area.
One of the subordinate commands of AIRSOUTH is the Sixth Allied Tactical
Air Force (SIXATAF) at Izmir to which sixteen Turkish combat squadrons, three
transport squadrons, and SAM missile squadrons were assigned. Under NAVSOUTH,
the commander of Turkish naval forces is also the NATO Commander Northeastern
Mediterranean (COMEDNOREAST).
Until 1974 when Greece withdrew from the NATO command structure, the two
NATO commands at Izmir were under United States generals. Because the
commands subsequently controlled primarily Turkish forces, the headquarters
were placed under Turkish commanders in 1978. In October 1980, Greece formally
rejoined the military command structure under an agreement that set up a
separate NATO command for Greek forces with headquarters at Larissa, Greece,
which was to report separately to CINCSOUTH in Naples. However, after the
October 1981 election of a socialist government in Athens that pursued a more
aggressive policy toward Turkey, discussions with Ankara over command
relationships had, as of 1987, failed to produce area coordination of Greek
and Turkish NATO forces.
Important air and naval facilities were made available on Turkish
territory to United States combat planes and units of the United States Sixth
Fleet committed to NATO (see Military Cooperation with the United States, this
ch.). A detachment of NATO's Airborne Early Warning Force was activated at the
Konya Air Base in 1983, using NATO-owned aircraft of the Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS) to provide early warning low-level radar coverage and
regional air and sea surveillance. The NATO AWACS in Turkey augmented the
existing NATO Air Defense Ground Environment (NADGE) early warning radar
system located at sixteen sites throughout Turkey.
The interrelationship between Turkey's natio