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- SCIENCE, Page 51COVER STORIESMaking Sense of la Difference
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- By BARBARA EHRENREICH
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- Few areas of science are as littered with intellectual
- rubbish as the study of innate mental differences between the
- sexes. In the 19th century, biologists held that a woman's brain
- was too small for intellect but large enough for household
- chores. When the tiny-brain theory bit the dust (elephants,
- after all, have bigger brains than men), scientists began a
- long, fruitless attempt to locate the biological basis of male
- superiority in various brain lobes and chromosomes. By the 1960s
- sociobiologists were asserting that natural selection, operating
- throughout the long human prehistory of hunting and gathering,
- had predisposed males to leadership and exploration and females
- to crouching around the campfire with the kids.
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- Recent studies suggest there may be some real differences
- after all. And why not? We have different hormones and body
- parts; it would be odd if our brains were 100% unisex. The
- question, as ever: What do these differences augur for our
- social roles, in particular the division of power and
- opportunity between the sexes?
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- Don't look to the Flintstones for an answer. However human
- beings whiled away their first 100,000 years or so, few of us
- today make a living tracking down mammoths or digging up tasty
- roots. Much of our genetic legacy of sex differences has already
- been rendered moot by that uniquely human invention:
- technology. Military prowess no longer depends on superior
- musculature or those bursts of hormones that prime the body for
- combat at ax range. As for exploration, women -- with their
- lower body weight and oxygen consumption -- may be the more
- "natural" astronauts.
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- But suppose the feminists' worst-case scenario turns out
- to be true, and males really are better, on average, at certain
- mathematical tasks. If this tempts you to shunt all the girls
- back to home ec, you probably need remedial work in the
- statistics of "averages" yourself. Just as some women are taller
- and stronger than some men, some are swifter at abstract
- algebra. Many of the pioneers in the field of X-ray
- crystallography -- which involves three-dimensional
- visualization and heavy doses of math -- were female, including
- biophysicist Rosalind Franklin, whose work was indispensable to
- the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA.
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- Then there is the problem that haunts all studies of
- "innate" sex differences: the possibility that the observed
- differences are really the result of lingering cultural factors.
- Girls' academic achievement, for example, as well as apparent
- aptitude and self-esteem, usually takes a nose dive at puberty.
- Unless nature has selected for smart girls and dumb women,
- something is going very wrong at about the middle-school level.
- Part of the problem may be that males, having been the dominant
- sex for a few millenniums, still tend to prefer females who
- make them feel stronger and smarter. Any girl who is bright
- enough to solve a quadratic equation is smart enough to bat her
- eyelashes and pretend that she can't.
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- Teachers too may play a larger role than nature in
- differentiating between the sexes. Studies show they tend to
- favor boys by calling on them more often and pushing them
- harder. Myra and David Sadker, professors of education at
- American University, have found that girls do better when
- teachers are sensitized to gender bias and refrain from sexist
- language, such as the use of "man" to mean all of us. Single-sex
- classes in math and science can also boost female performance
- by eliminating favoritism and male disapproval of female
- achievement.
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- The success of such simple educational reforms only
- underscores the basic social issue: Given that there may be real
- innate mental differences between the sexes, what are we going
- to do about them? A female advantage in reading emotions could
- be interpreted to mean that males should be barred from
- psychiatry -- or that they need more coaching. A male advantage
- in math could be used to confine girls to essays and sonnets --
- or the decision could be made to compensate by putting more
- effort into girls' math education. In effect, we already
- compensate for boys' apparent handicap in verbal skills by
- making reading the centerpiece of grade-school education.
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- We are cultural animals, and these are ultimately cultural
- decisions. In fact, the whole discussion of innate sexual
- differences is itself heavily shaped by cultural factors. Why,
- for example, is the study of innate differences such a sexy,
- well-funded topic right now, which happens to be a time of
- organized feminist challenge to the ancient sexual division of
- power? Why do the media tend to get excited when scientists find
- an area of difference and ignore the many reputable studies that
- come up with no differences at all?
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- However science eventually defines it, la difference can
- be amplified or minimized by human cultural arrangements: the
- choice is up to us, and not our genes.
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