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- SCIENCE, Page 47COVER STORIESIs Sex Really Necessary?
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- Birds do it. Bees do it. But dandelions don't. The prodigious
- spread of these winsome weeds underscores a little-appreciated
- biological fact. Contrary to human experience, sex is not
- essential to reproduction. "Quite the opposite," exclaims
- anthropologist John Tooby of the University of California at
- Santa Barbara. "From an engineer's standpoint, sexual
- reproduction is insane. It's like trying to build an automobile
- by randomly taking parts out of two older models and piecing
- them together to make a brand-new car." In the time that process
- takes, asexual organisms can often churn out multiple
- generations of clones, gaining a distinct edge in the
- evolutionary numbers game. And therein lies the puzzle: If sex
- is such an inefficient way to reproduce, why is it so
- widespread?
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- Sex almost certainly originated nearly 3.5 billion years
- ago as a mechanism for repairing the DNA of bacteria. Because
- ancient earth was such a violent place, the genes of these
- unicellular organisms would have been frequently damaged by
- intense heat and ultraviolet radiation. "Conjugation" -- the
- intricate process in which one bacterium infuses genetic
- material into another -- provided an ingenious, if cumbersome,
- solution to this problem, although bacteria continued to rely
- on asexual reproduction to increase their numbers.
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- Animal sex, however, is a more recent invention. Biologist
- Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst
- believes the evolutionary roots of egg and sperm cells can be
- traced back to a group of organisms known as protists that first
- appeared some 1.5 billion years ago. (Modern examples include
- protozoa, giant kelp and malaria parasites.) During periods of
- starvation, Margulis conjectures, one protist was driven to
- devour another. Sometimes this cannibalistic meal was
- incompletely digested, and the nuclei of prey and predator
- fused. By joining forces, the fused cells were better able to
- survive adversity, and because they survived, their penchant for
- union was passed on to their distant descendants.
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- From this vantage point, human sexuality seems little more
- than a wondrous accident, born of a kind of original sin among
- protozoa. Most population biologists, however, believe sex was
- maintained over evolutionary time because it somehow enhanced
- survival. The mixing and matching of parental genes, they argue,
- provide organisms with a novel mechanism for generating
- genetically different offspring, thereby increasing the odds
- that their progeny could exploit new niches in a changing
- environment and, by virtue of their diversity, have a better
- chance of surviving the assaults of bacteria and other tiny
- germs that rapidly evolve tricks for eluding their hosts'
- defenses.
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- However sex came about, it is clearly responsible for many
- of the most remarkable features of the world around us, from
- the curvaceousness of human females to the shimmering tails of
- peacocks to a lion's majestic mane. For the appearance of sex
- necessitated the evolution of a kaleidoscope of secondary
- characteristics that enabled males and females of each species
- to recognize one another and connect.
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- The influence of sex extends far beyond the realm of
- physical traits. For instance, the inescapable fact that women
- have eggs and men sperm has spurred the development of separate
- and often conflicting reproductive strategies. University of
- Michigan psychologist David Buss has found that men and women
- react very differently to questions about infidelity. Men tend
- to be far more upset by a lover's sexual infidelity than do
- women: just imagining their partner in bed with another man
- sends their heart rate soaring by almost five beats a minute.
- Says Buss: "That's the equivalent of drinking three cups of
- coffee at one time." Why is this so? Because, Buss explains,
- human egg fertilization occurs internally, and thus a man can
- never be certain that a child borne by his mate is really his.
- On the other hand, because women invest more time and energy in
- bearing and caring for children, they react more strongly to a
- threat of emotional infidelity. What women fear most is the loss
- of their mates' long-term commitment and support.
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- The celebrated war between the sexes, in other words, is
- not a figment of the imagination but derives from the
- evolutionary history of sex -- from that magic moment long, long
- ago when our unicellular ancestors entwined in immortal embrace.
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- By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago.
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