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Lawyers and Judges

(D.O.T.  110; 111; 119.107, .117, .167-010, .267-014; 169.267-010)

Nature of the Work

Lawyers.  Lawyers, also called attorneys, act as both advocates and
advisors in our society.  As advocates, they represent one of the
opposing parties in criminal and civil trials by presenting evidence
that support their client in court.  As advisors, lawyers counsel
their clients as to their legal rights and obligations and suggest
particular courses of action in business and personal matters.
Whether acting as advocates or advisors, all attorneys interpret the
law and apply it to specific situations.  This requires research and
communication abilities.

   Lawyers perform in-depth research into the purposes behind the
applicable laws and into judicial decisions that have been applied
to those laws under circumstances similar to those currently faced
by the client.  While all lawyers continue to make use of law
libraries to prepare cases, some supplement their search of the
conventional printed sources with computer software packages that
automatically search the legal literature and identify legal texts
that may be relevant to a specific subject.  In litigation that
involves many supporting documents, lawyers may also use computers
to organize and index the material.  Tax lawyers are also
increasingly using computers to make tax computations and explore
alternative tax strategies for clients.

   Lawyers then communicate to others the information obtained by
research.  They advise what actions clients may take and draw up
legal documents, such as wills and contracts, for clients.  Lawyers
must deal with people in a courteous, efficient manner and not
disclose matters discussed in confidence with clients.  They hold
positions of great responsibility, and are obligated to adhere to
strict rules of ethics.

   The more detailed aspects of a lawyer's job depend upon his or her
field of specialization and position.  Even though all lawyers are
allowed to represent parties in court, some appear in court more
frequently than others.  Some lawyers specialize in trial work.
These lawyers need an exceptional ability to think quickly and speak
with ease and authority, and must be thoroughly familiar with
courtroom rules and strategy.  Trial lawyers still spend most of
their time outside the courtroom conducting research, interviewing
clients and witnesses, and handling other details in preparation for
trial.

   Besides trials, lawyers may specialize in other areas, such as
bankruptcy, probate, or international law.  Environmental lawyers,
for example, may represent public interest groups, waste disposal
companies, or construction firms in their dealings with the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other State and Federal
agencies.  They help clients prepare and file for licenses and
applications for approval before certain activities can occur.  They
also represent clients' interests in administrative adjudications
and during drafting of new regulations.

   Some lawyers concentrate in the emerging field of intellectual
property.  These lawyers help protect clients' claims to copyrights,
art work under contract, product designs, and computer programs.
Still other lawyers advise insurance companies about the legality of
insurance transactions.  They write insurance policies to conform
with the law and to protect companies from unwarranted claims.  They
review claims filed against insurance companies and represent the
companies in court.

   The majority of lawyers are in private practice where they may
concentrate on criminal or civil law.  In criminal law, lawyers
represent persons who have been charged with crimes and argue their
cases in courts of law.  In civil law, attorneys assist clients with
litigation, wills, trusts, contracts, mortgages, titles, and leases.
Some manage a person's property as trustee or, as executor, see that
provisions of a client's will are carried out.  Others handle only
public interest cases civil or criminal which have a potential
impact extending well beyond the individual client.

   Lawyers sometimes are employed full time by a single client.  If the
client is a corporation, the lawyer is known as house counsel and
usually advises the company about legal questions that arise from
its business activities.  These questions might involve patents,
government regulations, contracts with other companies, property
interests, or collective bargaining agreements with unions.

   Attorneys employed at the various levels of government make up still
another category.  Lawyers that work for State attorneys general,
prosecutors, public defenders, and courts play a key role in the
criminal justice system.  At the Federal level, attorneys
investigate cases for the Department of Justice or other agencies.
Also, lawyers at every government level help develop programs, draft
laws, interpret legislation, establish enforcement procedures, and
argue civil and criminal cases on behalf of the government.

   Other lawyers work for legal aid societies private, nonprofit
organizations established to serve disadvantaged people.  These
lawyers generally handle civil rather than criminal cases.

   A relatively small number of trained attorneys work in law schools.
Most are faculty members who specialize in one or more subjects, and
others serve as administrators.  Some work full time in nonacademic
settings and teach part time.  (For additional information, see the
statement on college and university faculty elsewhere in the
Handbook.) Some lawyers become judges, although not all judges have
practiced law.

   Judges.  Judges apply the law.  They oversee the legal process that
in courts of law resolves civil disputes and determines guilt in
criminal cases according to Federal and State laws and those of
local jurisdictions.  They preside over cases touching on virtually
every aspect of society, from traffic offenses to disputes over
management of professional sports, from the rights of huge
corporations to questions of disconnecting life support equipment
for terminally ill persons.  They must insure that trials and
hearings are conducted fairly and that the court administers justice
in a manner that safeguards the legal rights of all parties
involved.

   Judges preside over trials or hearings and listen as attorneys
representing the parties present and argue their cases.  They rule
on the admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting
testimony, and settle disputes between the opposing attorneys.  They
insure that rules and procedures are followed, and if unusual
circumstances arise for which standard procedures have not been
established, judges direct how the trial will proceed based on their
knowledge of the law.

   Judges often hold pretrial hearings for cases.  They listen to
allegations and, based on the evidence presented, determine whether
they have enough merit for a trial to be held.  In criminal cases,
judges may decide that persons charged with crimes should be held in
jail pending their trial, or may set conditions for release through
the trial.  In civil cases, judges may impose restrictions upon the
parties until a trial is held.

   When trials are held, juries are often selected to decide cases.
However, judges decide cases when the law does not require a jury
trial, or when the parties waive their right to a jury.  Judges
instruct juries on applicable laws, direct them to deduce the facts
from the evidence presented, and hear their verdict.  Judges
sentence those convicted in criminal cases in many States.  They
also award relief to litigants including, where appropriate,
compensation for damages in civil cases.

   Judges also work outside the courtroom in chambers.  In their
private offices, judges read documents on pleadings and motions,
research legal issues, hold hearings with lawyers, write opinions,
and oversee the court's operations.  Running a court is like running
a small business, and judges manage their courts' administrative and
clerical staff, too.

   Judges' duties vary according to the extent of their jurisdictions
and powers.  General trial court judges of the Federal and State
court systems have jurisdiction over any case in their system.  They
generally try civil cases that transcend the jurisdiction of lower
courts, and all cases involving felony offenses.  Federal and State
appellate court judges, although few in number, have the power to
overrule decisions made by trial court or administrative law judges
if they determine that legal errors were made in a case, or if legal
precedent does not support the judgement of the lower court.  They
rule on fewer cases and rarely have direct contacts with the people
involved.

   The majority of State court judges preside in courts in which
jurisdiction is limited by law to certain types of cases.  A variety
of titles are assigned to these judges, but among the most common
are municipal court judge, county court judge, magistrate, or
justice of the peace.  Traffic violations, misdemeanors, small
claims cases, and pretrial hearings constitute the bulk of the work
of these judges, but some States allow them to handle cases
involving domestic relations, probate, contracts, and selected other
areas of the law.

   Administrative law judges, formerly called hearing officers, are
employed by government agencies to rule on appeals of agency
administrative decisions.  They make decisions on a person's
eligibility for various Social Security benefits or worker's
compensation, protection of the environment, enforcement of health
and safety regulations, employment discrimination, and compliance
with economic regulatory requirements.

   Lawyers and judges do most of their work in offices, law libraries,
and courtrooms.

Working Conditions

Lawyers and judges do most of their work in offices, law libraries,
and courtrooms.  Lawyers sometimes meet in clients' homes or places
of business and, when necessary, in hospitals or prisons.  They
frequently travel to attend meetings; to gather evidence; and to
appear before courts, legislative bodies, and other authorities.

   Salaried lawyers in government and private corporations generally
have structured work schedules.  Lawyers in private practice may
work irregular hours while conducting research, conferring with
clients, or preparing briefs during nonoffice hours.  Lawyers often
work long hours, and about half regularly work 50 hours or more per
week.  They are under particularly heavy pressure, for example, when
a case is being tried.  Preparation for court includes keeping
abreast of the latest laws and judicial decisions.

   Although work generally is not seasonal, the work of tax lawyers and
other specialists may be an exception.  Because lawyers in private
practice can often determine their own workload and when they will
retire, many stay in practice well beyond the usual retirement age.

   Many judges work a standard 40-hour week, but a third of all judges
work over 50 hours per week.  Some judges with limited jurisdiction
are employed part time and divide their time between their judicial
responsibilities and other careers.

Employment

Lawyers and judges held about 716,000 jobs in 1992.  About
four-fifths of the 626,000 lawyers practiced privately, either in
law firms or in solo practices.  Most of the remaining lawyers held
positions in government, the greatest number at the local level.  In
the Federal Government, lawyers are concentrated in the Departments
of Justice, Treasury, and Defense, but they work for other Federal
agencies as well.  Other lawyers are employed as house counsel by
public utilities, banks, insurance companies, real estate agencies,
manufacturing firms, welfare and religious organizations, and other
business firms and nonprofit organizations.  Some salaried lawyers
also have part-time independent practices; others work as lawyers
part time while working full time in another occupation.

   Judges held 90,000 jobs in 1992.  All worked for Federal, State, or
local governments, with about half holding positions in the Federal
Government.  The majority of the remainder were employed at the
State level.

   Many people trained as lawyers are not employed as lawyers or
judges; they work as law clerks, law school professors, managers and
administrators, and in a variety of other occupations.

Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement

Lawyers.  To practice law in the courts of any State or other
jurisdiction, a person must be licensed, or admitted to its bar,
under rules established by the jurisdiction's highest court.  Nearly
all require that applicants for admission to the bar pass a written
bar examination.  Most jurisdictions also require applicants to pass
a separate written ethics examination.  Lawyers who have been
admitted to the bar in one jurisdiction occasionally may be admitted
to the bar in another without taking an examination if they meet
that jurisdiction's standards of good moral character and have a
specified period of legal experience.  Federal courts and agencies
set their own qualifications for those practicing before them.

   To qualify for the bar examination in most States, an applicant must
complete at least 3 years of college and graduate from a law school
approved by the American Bar Association (ABA) or the proper State
authorities.  (ABA approval signifies that the law school
particularly its library and faculty meets certain standards
developed by the Association to promote quality legal education.) In
1992, the American Bar Association approved 177 law schools.  Others
were approved by State authorities only.  With certain exceptions,
graduates of schools not approved by the ABA are restricted to
taking the bar examination and practicing in the State or other
jurisdiction in which the school is located; most of these schools
are in California.  Seven States accept the study of law in a law
office or in combination with study in a law school; only California
accepts the study of law by correspondence as qualifying for taking
the bar examination.  Several States require registration and
approval of students by the State Board of Law Examiners, either
before they enter law school or during the early years of legal
study.

   Although there is no nationwide bar examination, 46 States, the
District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the
Virgin Islands require the 6-hour Multistate Bar Examination (MBE)
as part of the bar examination; the MBE is not required in Indiana,
Iowa, Louisiana, Washington, and Puerto Rico.  The MBE, covering
issues of broad interest, is given in addition to a locally prepared
6-hour State bar examination.  The 3-hour Multistate Essay
Examination (MEE) is used as part of the State bar examination in a
few States.  States vary in their use of MBE and MEE scores.

   The required college and law school education usually takes 7 years
of full-time study after high school 4 years of undergraduate study
followed by 3 years in law school.  Although some law schools accept
a very small number of students after 3 years of college, most
require applicants to have a bachelor's degree.  To meet the needs
of students who can attend only part time, a number of law schools
have night or part-time divisions which usually require 4 years of
study.  In 1991, about one 1 of 6 students in ABA-approved schools
were part time.

   Preparation for a career as a lawyer really begins in college.
Although there is no recommended prelaw major, the choice of an
undergraduate program is important.  Certain courses and activities
are desirable because they give the student the skills needed to
succeed both in law school and in the profession.  Essential skills
proficiency in writing, reading and analyzing, thinking logically,
and communicating verbally are learned during high school and
college.  An undergraduate program that cultivates these skills
while broadening the student's view of the world is desirable.
Courses in English, a foreign language, public speaking, government,
philosophy, history, economics, mathematics, and computer science,
among others, are useful.  Whatever the major, students should not
specialize too narrowly.

   Students interested in a particular aspect of law may find related
courses helpful; for example, many law schools with patent law
tracks require bachelor's degrees, or at least several courses, in
engineering and science.  Future tax lawyers should have a strong
undergraduate background in accounting.

   Acceptance by most law schools depends on the applicant's ability to
demonstrate an aptitude for the study of law, usually through good
undergraduate grades, the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), the
quality of the applicant's undergraduate school, any prior work
experience, and sometimes a personal interview.  However, law
schools vary in the weight that they place on each of these factors.

   All law schools approved by the American Bar Association require
that applicants take the LSAT.  Nearly all law schools require that
applicants have certified transcripts sent to the Law School Data
Assembly Service.  This service then sends applicants' LSAT scores
and their standardized records of college grades to the law schools
of their choice.  Both this service and the LSAT are administered by
the Law School Admission Services.

   Competition for admission to many law schools is intense.
Enrollments rose very rapidly during the 1970's, with applicants far
outnumbering available seats.  Since then, law school enrollments
have remained relatively unchanged, and the number of applicants has
fluctuated.  However, the number of applicants to most law schools
still greatly exceeds the number that can be admitted.  Enrollments
are expected to remain at about their present level through the year
2005, and competition for admission to the more prestigious law
schools will remain keen.

   During the first year or year and a half of law school, students
generally study fundamental courses such as constitutional law,
contracts, property law, torts, civil procedure, and legal writing.
In the remaining time, they may elect specialized courses in fields
such as tax, labor, or corporation law.  Law students often acquire
practical experience by participation in school sponsored legal aid
or legal clinic activities, in the school's moot court competitions
in which students conduct appellate arguments, in practice trials
under the supervision of experienced lawyers and judges, and through
research and writing on legal issues for the school's law journal.

   In 1992, law students in 36 States and 2 other jurisdictions were
required to pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility
Examination (MPRE), which tests their knowledge of the ABA codes on
professional responsibility and judicial conduct.  In some States,
the MPRE may be taken during law school, usually after completing a
course on legal ethics.

   A number of law schools have clinical programs where students gain
legal experience through practice trials and law school projects
under the supervision of practicing lawyers and law school faculty.
Law school clinical programs might include work in legal aid
clinics, for example, or on the staff of legislative committees.
Part-time or summer clerkships in law firms, government agencies,
and corporate legal departments also provide experience that can be
extremely valuable later on.  Such training can provide references
or lead directly to a job after graduation, and can help students
decide what kind of practice best suits them.  Clerkships also may
be an important source of financial aid.

   Graduates receive the degree of juris doctor (J.D.) or bachelor of
law (LL.B.) as the first professional degree.  Advanced law degrees
may be desirable for those planning to specialize, do research, or
teach.  Some law students pursue joint degree programs, which
generally require an additional year.  Joint degree programs are
offered in a number of areas, including law and business
administration and law and public administration.

   After graduation, lawyers must keep informed about legal and
nonlegal developments that affect their practice.  Thirty-seven
States and jurisdictions mandate Continuing Legal Education (CLE).
Furthermore, many law schools and State and local bar associations
provide continuing education courses that help lawyers stay abreast
of recent developments.

   The practice of law involves a great deal of responsibility.
Persons planning careers in law should like to work with people and
be able to win the respect and confidence of their clients,
associates, and the public.  Integrity and honesty are vital
personal qualities.  Perseverance and reasoning ability are
essential to analyze complex cases and reach sound conclusions.
Lawyers also need creativity when handling new and unique legal
problems.

   Most beginning lawyers start in salaried positions.  Newly hired
salaried attorneys usually act as research assistants to experienced
lawyers or judges.  After several years of progressively more
responsible salaried employment, some lawyers are admitted to
partnership in their firm, or go into practice for themselves.  Some
lawyers, after years of practice, become full-time law school
faculty or administrators; a growing number have advanced degrees in
other fields as well.

   Some persons use their legal training in administrative or
managerial positions in various departments of large corporations.
A transfer from a corporation's legal department to another
department often is viewed as a way to gain administrative
experience and rise in the ranks of management.

   Judges.  Most judges, although not all, have been lawyers first.
All Federal judges and State trial and appellate court judges are
required to be lawyers or learned in law.  About 40 States presently
allow nonlawyers to hold limited jurisdiction judgeships, but
opportunities are better with law experience.  Federal
administrative law judges must be lawyers and pass a competitive
examination administered by the U.S.  Office of Personnel
Management.  Many State administrative law judges and other hearing
officials are not required to be lawyers, but law degrees are
preferred for most positions.

   Federal judges are appointed for life by the President, with the
consent of the Senate.  Federal administrative law judges are
appointed by the various Federal agencies with virtually lifetime
tenure.  About half of all State judges are appointed, while the
remainder are elected in partisan or nonpartisan State elections.
Most State and local judges serve fixed terms, which range from 4 or
6 years for most limited jurisdiction judgeships to as long as 14
years for some appellate court judges.  Judicial nominating
commissions, composed of members of the bar and the public, are used
to screen candidates for judgeships in many States, as well as for
Federal judgeships.

   All States have some type of orientation for newly elected or
appointed judges.  Thirteen States also require judges to take
continuing education courses while serving on the bench.

Job Outlook

Persons seeking positions as lawyers or judges should encounter keen
competition through the year 2005.  Law schools still attract large
numbers of applicants and are not expected to decrease their
enrollments, so the supply of persons trained as lawyers should
continue to exceed job openings.  As for judges, the prestige
associated with serving on the bench should insure continued intense
competition for openings.

   Lawyers.  Employment of lawyers has grown very rapidly since the
early 1970's, and is expected to continue to grow faster than the
average for all occupations through the year 2005.  New jobs created
by growth should exceed job openings that arise from the need to
replace lawyers who stop working or leave the profession.  The
strong growth in demand for lawyers will result from growth in the
population and the general level of business activities.  Demand
also will be spurred by growth of legal action in such areas as
employee benefits, consumer protection, criminal prosecution, the
environment, and finance, and an anticipated increase in the use of
legal services by middle-income groups through legal clinics and
prepaid legal service programs.

   Even though jobs for lawyers are expected to increase rapidly,
competition for job openings should continue to be keen because of
the large numbers graduating from law school each year.  During the
1970's, the annual number of law school graduates more than doubled,
outpacing the rapid growth of jobs.  Growth in the yearly number of
law school graduates tapered off during the 1980's, but again
increased in the early 1990's.  The high number of graduates will
strain the economy's capacity to absorb them.  Although graduates
with superior academic records from well-regarded law schools will
continue to enjoy good opportunities, most graduates will encounter
competition for jobs.  As in the past, some graduates may have to
accept positions in areas outside their field of interest or for
which they feel they are overqualified.  They may have to enter jobs
for which legal training is an asset but not normally a requirement.
For example, banks, insurance firms, real estate companies,
government agencies, and other organizations seek law graduates to
fill many administrative, managerial, and business positions.

   Due to the competition for jobs, a law graduate's geographic
mobility and work experience assume greater importance.  The
willingness to relocate may be an advantage in getting a job, but to
be licensed in a new State, a lawyer may have to take an additional
State bar examination.  In addition, employers increasingly seek
graduates who have advanced law degrees and experience in a
particular field such as tax, patent, or admiralty law.

   Employment growth of lawyers will continue to be concentrated in
salaried jobs, as businesses and all levels of government employ a
growing number of staff attorneys, and as employment in the legal
services industry is increasingly concentrated in larger law firms.
The number of self-employed lawyers is expected to continue to
increase slowly, reflecting the difficulty of establishing a
profitable new practice in the face of competition from larger,
established law firms.  Also, the growing complexity of law which
encourages specialization and the cost of maintaining up-to-date
legal research materials both favor larger firms.

   For lawyers who nevertheless wish to work independently,
establishing a new practice probably will continue to be easiest in
small towns and expanding suburban areas, as long as an active
market for legal services already exists.  In such communities,
competition from larger established law firms is likely to be less
than in big cities, and new lawyers may find it easier to become
known to potential clients; also, rent and other business costs are
somewhat lower.  Nevertheless, starting a new practice will remain
an expensive and risky undertaking that should be weighed carefully.
Most salaried positions will remain in urban areas where government
agencies, law firms, and big corporations are concentrated.

   Some lawyers are adversely affected by cyclical swings in the
economy.  During recessions, the demand for some discretionary legal
services, such as planning estates, drafting wills, and handling
real estate transactions, declines.  Also, corporations are less
likely to litigate cases when declining sales and profits result in
budgetary restrictions.  Although few lawyers actually lose their
jobs during these times, earnings may decline for many.  Some
corporations and law firms will not hire new attorneys until
business improves.  Several factors, however, mitigate the overall
impact of recessions on lawyers.  During recessions, individuals and
corporations face other legal problems, such as bankruptcies,
foreclosures, and divorces, that require legal action.  Furthermore,
new laws and legal interpretations will create new opportunities for
lawyers.

   Judges.  Employment of judges is expected to grow more slowly than
the average for all occupations.  Contradictory social forces affect
the demand for judges.  Pushing up demand are public concerns about
crime, safety, and efficient administration of justice; on the other
hand, tight public funding should slow job growth.

   Competition for judgeships should remain keen.  Most job openings
will arise as judges retire.  Traditionally, many judges have held
their positions until late in life.  Now, early retirement is
becoming more common, creating more job openings; however, becoming
a judge will still be difficult.  Besides competing with other
qualified people, judicial candidates must gain political support in
order to be elected or appointed.

Earnings

Annual salaries of beginning lawyers in private industry averaged
about $36,600 in 1992, but top graduates from the Nation's best law
schools started in some cases at over $80,000 a year.  In the
Federal Government, annual starting salaries for attorneys in 1993
were about $27,800 or $33,600, depending upon academic and personal
qualifications.  Factors affecting the salaries offered to new
graduates include: Academic record; type, size, and location of
employer; and the specialized educational background desired.  The
field of law makes a difference, too.  Patent lawyers, for example,
generally are among the highest paid attorneys.

   Salaries of experienced attorneys also vary widely according to the
type, size, and location of their employer.  The average salary of
the most experienced lawyers in private industry in 1992 was over
$134,000, but some senior lawyers who were partners in the Nation's
top law firms earned over $1 million.  General attorneys in the
Federal Government averaged around $62,200 a year in 1993; the
relatively small number of patent attorneys in the Federal
Government averaged around $71,600.

   Lawyers on salary receive increases as they assume greater
responsibility.  Lawyers starting their own practice may need to
work part time in other occupations during the first years to
supplement their income.  Their incomes usually grow as their
practices develop.  Lawyers who are partners in law firms generally
earn more than those who practice alone.

   Federal district court judges had salaries of $133,600 in 1993, as
did judges in the Court of Federal Claims.  Circuit court judges
earned $141,700 a year.  Federal judges with limited jurisdiction,
such as magistrates and bankruptcy court judges, had salaries of
$122,900 in 1993.  Full-time Federal administrative law judges had
average salaries of $94,800 in 1993.  The Chief Justice of the
United States Supreme Court earned $171,500 in 1993, and the
Associate Justices earned $164,100.

   Annual salaries of associate justices of States' highest courts
averaged nearly $89,570 in 1992, according to a survey by the
National Center for State Courts, and ranged from about $62,500 to
$121,207.  Salaries of State intermediate appellate court judges
averaged $88,435, but ranged from $79,975 to $113,632.  Salaries of
State judges with limited jurisdiction varied widely; many salaries
are set locally.

   Most salaried lawyers and judges were provided health and life
insurance, and contributions were made on their behalf to retirement
plans.  Lawyers who practiced independently were only covered if
they arranged and paid for such benefits themselves.

Related Occupations

Legal training is useful in many other occupations.  Some of these
are paralegal, arbitrator, journalist, patent agent, title examiner,
legislative assistant, lobbyist, FBI special agent, political office
holder, and corporate executive.

Sources of Additional Information

   The American Bar Association annually publishes A Review of Legal
Education in the United States, which provides detailed information
on each of the 177 law schools approved by the ABA, State
requirements for admission to legal practice, a directory of State
bar examination administrators, and other information on legal
education.  Single copies are free from the ABA, but there is a fee
for multiple copies.  Free information on the bar examination,
financial aid for law students, and law as a career may also be
obtained from:

   Member Services, American Bar Association, 541 North Fairbanks
Court, Chicago, IL 60611-3314.

   Information on the LSAT, the Law School Data Assembly Service,
applying to law school, and financial aid for law students may be
obtained from:

   Law School Admission Services, P.O.  Box 40, Newtown, PA 18940.
Phone: [phone].

   The specific requirements for admission to the bar in a particular
State or other jurisdiction may also be obtained at the State
capital from the clerk of the Supreme Court or the administrator of
the State Board of Bar Examiners.