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- 208
- Chemists
-
- (D.O.T. 022.061-010, -014, and .137-010)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Chemists search for and put to practical use new knowledge about
- chemicals. Although chemicals are often thought of as artificial or
- toxic substances, all physical things, whether naturally occurring
- or of human design, are composed of chemicals. Chemists have
- developed a tremendous variety of new and improved synthetic fibers,
- paints, adhesives, drugs, electronic components, lubricants, and
- other products. They also develop processes which save energy and
- reduce pollution, such as improved oil refining and petrochemical
- processing methods. Research on the chemistry of living things
- spurs advances in medicine, agriculture, food processing, and other
- areas.
-
- Many chemists work in research and development. In basic research,
- chemists investigate the properties, composition, and structure of
- matter and the laws that govern the combination of elements and
- reactions of substances. In applied research and development, they
- create new products and processes or improve existing ones, often
- using knowledge gained from basic research. For example, synthetic
- rubber and plastics resulted from research on small molecules
- uniting to form large ones (polymerization).
-
- Chemists also work in production and quality control in chemical
- manufacturing plants. They prepare instructions for plant workers
- which specify ingredients, mixing times, and temperatures for each
- stage in the process. They also monitor automated processes to
- ensure proper product yield, and they test samples to ensure they
- meet industry and government standards. Chemists also record and
- report on test results. Others are marketing or sales
- representatives who sell and provide technical information on
- chemical products.
-
- Chemists often specialize in a subfield. Analytical chemists
- determine the structure, composition, and nature of substances and
- develop analytical techniques. They also identify the presence and
- concentration of chemical pollutants in air, water, and soil.
- Organic chemists study the chemistry of the vast number of carbon
- compounds. Many commercial products, such as drugs, plastics, and
- fertilizers, have been developed by organic chemists.
-
- Inorganic chemists study compounds consisting mainly of elements
- other than carbon, such as those in electronic components. Physical
- chemists study the physical characteristics of atoms and molecules
- and investigate how chemical reactions work. Their research may
- result in new and better energy sources.
-
- Biochemists, whose work encompasses both biology and chemistry, are
- included under biological scientists elsewhere in the Handbook.
-
- Chemists contribute to the development of a variety of practical
- products, including pharmaceuticals, paints, and synthetic fibers
- and materials.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Chemists usually work regular hours in offices and laboratories.
- Research chemists spend much time in laboratories, but also work in
- offices when they do theoretical research or plan, record, and
- report on their lab research. Although some laboratories are small,
- others are large and may incorporate prototype chemical
- manufacturing facilities as well as advanced equipment. Chemists
- may also do some of their research in a chemical plant or outdoors
- while gathering samples of pollutants, for example. Some chemists
- are exposed to health or safety hazards when handling certain
- chemicals, but there is little risk if proper procedures are
- followed.
-
- Employment
-
- Chemists held about 92,000 jobs in 1992. The majority of chemists
- are employed in manufacturing firms mostly in the chemical
- manufacturing industry, which includes firms that produce plastics
- and synthetic materials, drugs, soap and cleaners, paints,
- industrial organic chemicals, and other miscellaneous chemical
- products. Chemists also work for State and local governments,
- primarily in health and agriculture, and for Federal agencies,
- chiefly in the Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services,
- and Agriculture. Others work for research and testing services. In
- addition, thousands of persons held chemistry faculty positions in
- colleges and universities. (See the statement on college and
- university faculty elsewhere in the Handbook.)
-
- Chemists are employed in all parts of the country, but they are
- mainly concentrated in large industrial areas.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- A bachelor's degree in chemistry or a related discipline is usually
- the minimum education necessary to work as a chemist. However, most
- research and college teaching jobs require a Ph.D. degree.
-
- Many colleges and universities offer a bachelor's degree program in
- chemistry, about 602 of which are approved by the American Chemical
- Society. Approximately 325 colleges and universities also offer
- advanced degree programs in chemistry.
-
- Students planning careers as chemists should enjoy studying science
- and mathematics, and should like working with their hands building
- scientific apparatus and performing experiments. Perseverance,
- curiosity, and the ability to concentrate on detail and to work
- independently are essential. In addition to required courses in
- analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry,
- undergraduate chemistry majors usually study biological sciences,
- mathematics, and physics. Computer courses are also important, as
- chemists increasingly use computers as a tool in their everyday
- work.
-
- Because research and development chemists are increasingly expected
- to work on interdisciplinary teams, some understanding of other
- disciplines, including business and marketing, is desirable, along
- with leadership ability and good oral and written communication
- skills. Experience, either in academic laboratories or through
- internships or co-op programs in industry, also is useful.
-
- Although graduate students typically specialize in a subfield of
- chemistry, such as analytical chemistry or polymer chemistry,
- students usually need not specialize at the undergraduate level. In
- fact, undergraduates who are broadly trained have more flexibility
- when job hunting or changing jobs than if they narrowly define their
- interests. Some employers provide new bachelor's degree chemists
- with additional training or education.
-
- In government or industry, beginning chemists with a bachelor's
- degree work in technical sales or services, quality control, or
- assist senior chemists in research and development laboratories.
- Some may work in research positions, analyzing and testing products,
- but these are often technicians' positions, with limited upward
- mobility. Many employers prefer chemists with a Ph.D. to work in
- basic and applied research. A Ph.D. is also generally required for
- a 4-year college faculty position and for advancement to many
- administrative positions. Chemists who work in sales, marketing, or
- professional research positions often move into management
- eventually.
-
- Many people with a bachelor's degree in chemistry enter other
- occupations in which a chemistry background is helpful, such as
- technical writers or sales representatives in chemical marketing.
- Some enter medical, dental, veterinary, or other health profession
- schools. Others choose from a wide range of occupations with little
- or no connection to chemistry.
-
- Chemistry graduates may become high school teachers. However, they
- usually are then regarded as science teachers rather than chemists.
- Others may qualify as engineers, especially if they have taken some
- courses in engineering.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of chemists is expected to grow about as fast as the
- average for all occupations through the year 2005. The chemical
- industry should face continued demand for goods such as new and
- better pharmaceuticals and personal care products, as well as more
- specialty chemicals designed to address specific problems or
- applications. To meet these demands, research and development
- expenditures will continue to increase, contributing to employment
- growth for chemists.
-
- However, employment will not grow as rapidly as in the past because,
- overall, research and development budgets are expected to grow more
- slowly compared to those of the 1980's as firms restructure and
- streamline their operations. Also, temporary slowdowns in
- automobile manufacturing and construction, end users of many of the
- products of the chemical industry, will have a short-term dampening
- effect on chemists' employment. Regardless of the outlook, hiring
- may slow and layoffs occur during periods of economic recession,
- especially in the oil and industrial chemicals industries.
-
- Earnings
-
- According to a 1992 survey by the American Chemical Society, the
- median starting salary for recently graduated chemists with a
- bachelor's degree was about $24,000 a year; with a master's degree,
- $32,000; with a Ph.D., $48,000.
-
- The American Chemical Society also reports that the median salary of
- their members of all experience levels with a bachelor's degree was
- $42,000 a year in 1992; with a master's degree, $50,000; and with a
- Ph.D., $60,000.
-
- In 1993, chemists in nonsupervisory, supervisory, and managerial
- positions in the Federal Government earned an average salary of
- $51,537.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- The work of chemical engineers, agricultural scientists, biological
- scientists, and chemical technicians is closely related to the work
- done by chemists. The work of other physical and life science
- occupations may also be similar to that of chemists.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- General information on career opportunities and earnings for
- chemists is available from:
-
- American Chemical Society, Career Services, 1155 16th St. NW.,
- Washington, DC 20036.
-
- Information on Federal job opportunities is available from local
- offices of State employment services or offices of the U.S. Office
- of Personnel Management, located in major metropolitan areas.
-