1. Seljuk armies take over parts of Asia, Byzantine lands
  2. Eastern and Western Christian churches split
  3. Norman armies conquer England
  4. Armed pilgrims recapture the Holy Land
  5. Toltec empire continues to flourish
  6. Cities in Africa and Europe grow
  7. Commerce across the Sahara in Africa thrives
  8. Chinese culture flowers under the Song dynasty
  9. Ghana Empire in turmoil

3. Norman armies conquer England

Political turmoil and war followed the death of England's King Edward the Confessor in 1066. English nobles chose Edward's brother-in-law Harold, Earl of Wessex, to be the next king. But William, Duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had promised him the throne. William then led Norman troops in an invasion of England. The Normans killed Harold and defeated English forces at the Battle of Hastings. On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned England's king. William reigned until 1087, building many castles and beginning work on several cathedrals in his new kingdom.

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