|
Volume Number: | 4 | |||
Issue Number: | 11 | |||
Column Tag: | Programmer's Workshop |
Menus In Windows
By James Matthews, Hanover, NH
[Jim Matthews is a software developer at Dartmouth, working on network applications. He has done maintenance work on DarTerminal, an AppleTalk terminal emulator, and has worked on developing a Macintosh mail system. He started programming in high school on an IBM 360 with core memory but slowly moved to smaller, newer machines. In college, he helped develop MacFunction, a three-dimensional graphing program that is currently marketed by True Basic, Inc.]
Menus in Windows
by Jim Matthews, Dartmouth College
One of the critical elements of the Macintosh user interface is the menu bar. It relieves the user of the need for memorizing command names and gives easy access to a large number of operations in a small amount of space. Nonetheless, the limitations of the standard Macintosh menu bar have become increasingly evident. Large screens make the fixed position of the menu bar less convenient, and large programs present users with an overwhelming number of available commands. Desk accessories have never been able to use the menu bar fully, limiting their potential. Both Apple and third parties have developed workarounds to the limitations of the menu bar. Hierarchical and pop-up menus, implemented in System 4.1, provide alternate ways of structuring menu commands. The tear-off palettes used in HyperCard and MacPaint 2.0 add a new dimension to menus, as do the tear-off menus provided with Radius displays.
Still, I recently felt the need to extend the menu bar concept by another step. While developing a program with a large number of commands, I decided that what I wanted was a different menu bar for each window. It would have been possible to change the menu bar depending on which window was in front, but the commands needed by each window were so different that the user would never know what to expect when he pulled down a menu. Furthermore, I wanted to leave open the possibility of turning the program into a desk accessory, and I could not fit all my commands into one menu. So I re-implemented part of the Menu Manager to provide for window-specific menu bars. The code itself is not very complicated -- I was fortunate to be preceded by Mike Schuster, whose December, 1985 article on pop-up menus provided a wealth of useful information. The routines I produced met my needs admirably, but like any extension to the standard interface they also raised some tricky issues.
Figure 1. Edit Menu
The wMenu Manager Routines
Because I wanted to produce menu bars that function exactly like the one at the top of the screen, I implemented the window menus by imitating eight standard Menu Manager routines. They all operate on a wMenuBar data structure which is roughly comparable to a MenuList.
type wMenuRec = record mh : MenuHandle; titleRect : Rect; end; wMenuBar = record numMenus : integer; hilited : integer; gp : GrafPtr; wMenus : array [0..0] of wMenuRec; end;
The wMenuBar stores the number of menus in a menu bar, which one is hilited (if any), and the GrafPort in which the menu bar is drawn. In addition, it stores a menu handle and a rectangle for each menu that has been inserted. The rectangle specifies the coordinates of the menu title; i.e. the area that is inverted when a menu is selected. This is a bit wasteful, since two of the rectangle’s coordinates are always the same, but it makes the code simpler. The wMenuBar record is created by a call to wInitMenus, which allocates the storage and returns a wMenuBarHandle. The rest of the routines accept the same arguments as their Menu Manager equivalents, with the addition of a wMenuBarHandle to specify the menu bar being altered. The routines are wInsertMenu and wDeleteMenu, to add and remove menus from the menu bar; wClearMenuBar to delete all the menus; wDrawMenuBar to redraw the menu bar; wMenuSelect and wMenuKey to respond to mouse and key events, respectively; and finally, wHiliteMenu to highlight a menu’s title.
Implementation Issues
There are a few subtle points in the implementation of the wMenu Manager. The System 4.2 menu definition procedure has a bug that is fixed by initializing the low memory global TopMenuItem in wInitMenus. Calls to the menu definition procedure are implemented using inline machine code, since Pascal doesn’t provide a standard way to call a routine based on its address. WMenuKey walks down a menu’s data looking for a certain command key equivalent, and the dynamic nature of the data structure requires some ugly code. GetNextEvent and SystemTask are called in the inner loop of the menu selection code: this means that keyDown events are swallowed while the user is holding down a menu, but it provides the ability to produce screen dumps and keeps desk accessories updated. With the standard menu bar it is impossible for the user to drag the mouse above the top of the menus, but with window menus it was necessary to deal with this case. I decided to have the displayed menu disappear when the user moved the mouse above a window’s content region, but that could easily be changed.
The wMenu routines can be substituted for Menu Manager ones with a few exceptions. Unlike InitMenus, wInitMenus must not be called until there is a window to put the menu bar in. wDrawMenuBar should be called in response to update events, since the Window Manager considers the menu bar part of a window’s content region. This also means that wMenuSelect should be called in response to mouseDown events in a window’s content region. A program should continue call MenuSelect and MenuKey at appropriate times to give the user access to desk accessory menus.
The wMenu routines make it fairly easy to implement a number of different menu bars in one program, but that can lead to an explosion of possible commands. The nested case statements that typically handle menu commands can become unwieldy when the number of menu bars exceeds two or three.
Interface Issues
Menus in windows have the significant disadvantage of being a departure from the standard way of doing things. Users do not expect to find a menu bar inside a window, and can be confused by one. If there is more than one menu bar visible the user may wonder which to use, and if the user types a command key equivalent it may not be clear which menu bar is handling it. This problem becomes especially difficult when some commands are available from the regular menu bar and others only from window menus. I have tried to use window menus for commands that only affect that particular window, and the regular menu bar for program-wide operations. This introduces a degree of modality into a program, but not much more than is present in any multiple-window application.
Figure 2. Scrolling Menus
Compatibility Issues
The wMenu routines were written to be compatible with all post Mac 512 models. The 128k ROM calls HSetState and HGetState are used in a few places; but if they were changed, I imagine the code would work on older Macs also. Given Apple’s emphasis on the sanctity of the Window Manager’s GrafPort, care was taken to make sure that menus are only drawn inside an application window’s content region if they overlap they either scroll or are cropped. There are a couple of things that could cause future compatibility problems, though. First, the program modifies TopMenuItem, and although the fix was made on the advice of Mac DTS, it could break on future systems. Secondly, Apple is now asking programmers not to rely on the internal structure of menu records. The wMenuKey routine could not be written without doing this, so it is vulnerable to future changes. The code emulates the pre-Mac SE Menu Manager in that color and hierarchical menus are not supported. The code has been tested on machines from the 512KE to the Mac II without mishap.
Figure 3. Project Window
wSample
I have included a wMenu version of the sample program found in Inside Macintosh Vol. I. This example illustrates how the wMenu routines are called and demonstrates how the menus appear to the user. It is not, however, a case where window menus add much to the program. Window menus are much more appropriate when there are multiple windows, each with significantly different functionality. I originally implemented them as part a mail program that had separate windows for composing letters, reading mail, and organizing a mailbox. In that case, window menus let me compartmentalize the program’s interface and use a large number of commands without overwhelming the standard menu bar.
{ wMenu Manager } { by Jim Matthews } UNIT wMenu; INTERFACE USES ROM85; { uses HGetState and HSetState } CONST mBarHeight = 20; betweenTitles = 15; { # of pixels between adjacent menu titles } invertOverlap = 10; { # of pixels to invert on each side of a menu title } noneHilited = -1; { value to store in wMenuBar.hilited if nothing hilited } menuTitleBit = 31; { mac-style bit offset for menu title bit in enableFlags } TYPE wMenuRec = RECORD mh : MenuHandle; titleRect : Rect; END; wMenuBar = RECORD numMenus : integer; hilited : integer; gp : GrafPtr; wMenus : ARRAY[0..0] OF wMenuRec; END; wMenuBarPtr = ^wMenuBar; wMenuBarHandle = ^wMenuBarPtr; FUNCTION wInitMenus (gp : GrafPtr) : wMenuBarHandle; PROCEDURE wInsertMenu (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; theMenu : MenuHandle; beforeID : integer); PROCEDURE wDrawMenuBar (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle); PROCEDURE wDeleteMenu (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; menuID : integer); PROCEDURE wClearMenuBar (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle); FUNCTION wMenuSelect (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; startPt : Point) : longint; FUNCTION wMenuKey (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; ch : char) : longint; PROCEDURE wHiliteMenu (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; menuID : integer); IMPLEMENTATION {wInitMenus -- create a wMenuBar and associate it with a grafport} FUNCTION wInitMenus; { (gp : GrafPtr) : wMenuBarHandle; } TYPE intptr = ^Integer; VAR mbar : wMenuBarHandle; TopMenuItemP : intptr; BEGIN { Set low-mem global to fix menu display bug } TopMenuItemP := intptr($A0A); TopMenuItemP^ := mBarHeight; mbar := wMenuBarHandle(NewHandle(sizeof(wMenuBar))); mbar^^.numMenus := 0; mbar^^.hilited := noneHilited; mbar^^.gp := gp; wInitMenus := mbar; END; { wInitMenus } {wInsertMenu -- insert a menu into a defined wMenuBar,} { analogous to InsertMenu } PROCEDURE wInsertMenu; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; } { theMenu : MenuHandle; } { beforeID : integer); } VAR newSize : Size; r : Rect; i, j : integer; titleWidth, oldSize, oldFont : integer; BEGIN newSize := sizeof(wMenuBar) + theMenuBar^^.numMenus * sizeof(wMenuRec); IF newSize > GetHandleSize(handle(theMenuBar)) THEN SetHandleSize(handle(theMenuBar), newSize); IF MemError = noErr THEN BEGIN oldSize := thePort^.txSize; oldFont := thePort^.txFont; TextSize(12); TextFont(systemFont); titleWidth := StringWidth(theMenu^^.menuData); TextSize(oldSize); TextFont(oldFont); i := 0; IF beforeID > 0 THEN { Insert the menu before a particular one? } BEGIN i := 0; WHILE (theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuID <> beforeID) AND (i < theMenuBar^^.numMenus) DO i := i + 1; IF i <> theMenuBar^^.numMenus THEN BEGIN FOR j := theMenuBar^^.numMenus DOWNTO i + 1 DO BEGIN theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].mh := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j - 1].mh; theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].titleRect := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j - 1].titleRect; OffsetRect(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].titleRect, titleWidth + betweenTitles, 0); END; { for loop -- copying menus back } END; { if there’s a menu id = beforeID } END { if beforeID <> 0 } ELSE { if beforeID <= 0, put it after the rest } i := theMenuBar^^.numMenus; WITH theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i] DO BEGIN titleRect.top := 1; titleRect.bottom := mBarHeight - 1; IF i = 0 THEN titleRect.left := betweenTItles - invertOverlap ELSE titleRect.left := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i - 1].titleRect.right + betweenTitles - 2 * invertOverlap; titleRect.right := titleRect.left + titleWidth + 2 * invertOverlap; mh := theMenu; END; { with theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i] } theMenuBar^^.numMenus := theMenuBar^^.numMenus + 1; END; { no MemError } END; { wInsertMenu } { wDrawMenuBar -- draw the wMenuBar, with appropriate} { highlighting } PROCEDURE wDrawMenuBar; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle); } VAR i : integer; r : Rect; oldPort : GrafPtr; oldSize, oldFont, oldMode : integer; oldStyle : Style; bmap, oldMap : BitMap; BEGIN GetPort(oldPort); SetPort(theMenuBar^^.gp); oldSize := thePort^.txSize; oldFont := thePort^.txFont; oldMode := thePort^.txMode; oldStyle := thePort^.txFace; TextSize(12); TextFont(systemFont); TextMode(srcOr); TextFace([]); SetRect(r, 0, 0, 10000, mBarHeight); EraseRect(r); MoveTo(0, mBarHeight - 1); Line(10000, 0); FOR i := 0 TO theMenuBar^^.numMenus - 1 DO BEGIN MoveTo(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].titleRect.left + invertOverlap, mBarHeight - 5); DrawString(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuData); { gray-out disabled menu titles } IF NOT BitTst(@theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.enableFlags, menuTitleBit) THEN BEGIN r := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].titleRect; r.left := r.left + invertOverlap; r.right := r.right - invertOverlap; bmap.bounds := r; OffsetRect(bmap.bounds, -r.left, -r.top); IF (bmap.bounds.right MOD 16) <> 0 THEN bmap.rowBytes := 2 * ((bmap.bounds.right DIV 16) + 1) ELSE bmap.rowBytes := 2 * (bmap.bounds.right DIV 16); bmap.baseAddr := NewPtr(bmap.rowBytes * mBarHeight); oldMap := thePort^.portBits; SetPortBits(bmap); FillRect(bmap.bounds, gray); SetPortBits(oldMap); HLock(handle(theMenuBar)); CopyBits(bmap, thePort^.portBits, bmap.bounds, r, notSrcBic, NIL); HUnlock(handle(theMenuBar)); DisposPtr(bmap.baseAddr); END; { if title disabled } END; { for each menu } IF theMenuBar^^.hilited <> noneHilited THEN InvertRect(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[theMenuBar^^.hilited].titleRect); TextSize(oldSize); TextFont(oldFont); TextMode(oldMode); TextFace(oldStyle); SetPort(oldPort); END; { wDrawMenuBar } {wDeleteMenu -- delete a menu from a wMenuBar} PROCEDURE wDeleteMenu; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; } { menuID : integer); } VAR i, j, oldSize, oldFont : integer; oldStyle : Style; titleWidth : integer; BEGIN oldSize := thePort^.txSize; { reset the font/size/style to compute menu title widths } oldFont := thePort^.txFont; oldStyle := thePort^.txFace; TextSize(12); TextFont(systemFont); TextFace([]); i := 0; WHILE (theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuID <> menuID) AND (i < theMenuBar^^.numMenus) DO i := i + 1; IF i <> theMenuBar^^.numMenus THEN BEGIN titleWidth := StringWidth(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuData); FOR j := i TO theMenuBar^^.numMenus - 1 DO BEGIN theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].mh := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j + 1].mh; theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].titleRect := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j + 1].titleRect; OffsetRect(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[j].titleRect, -(titleWidth + betweenTitles), 0); END; { for loop -- copying menus back } theMenuBar^^.numMenus := theMenuBar^^.numMenus - 1; END; { if there’s a menu id = menuID } TextSize(oldSize); TextFont(oldFont); TextFace(oldStyle); END; { wDeleteMenu } {wClearMenuBar -- delete all the menus in a menu bar} PROCEDURE wClearMenuBar; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle); } BEGIN theMenuBar^^.numMenus := 0; { take the easy way out.... } END; { wClearMenuBar } {MenuDefProc -- inline call to the menu definition procedure} {Pop the address of the proc off the stack and jsr to it} PROCEDURE MenuDefProc (message : integer; theMenu : MenuHandle; VAR menuRect : Rect; hitPt : Point; VAR whichItem : integer; theProc : ProcPtr); INLINE $205F, $4E90; { pop.l A0 , jsr (A0) } {MenuDefGlue -- dereference menu handle to find the add. of} {the definition proc and call it using MenuDefProc, above} PROCEDURE MenuDefGlue (message : integer; theMenu : MenuHandle; VAR menuRect : Rect; hitPt : Point; VAR whichItem : integer); BEGIN MenuDefProc(message, theMenu, menuRect, hitPt, whichItem, theMenu^^.menuProc^); END; {wMenuSelect -- pull down the menus and let the user select an item} FUNCTION wMenuSelect; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; } { startPt : Point) : longint; } CONST flashDelay = 3; { # of ticks between calls to invert selected item } menuFrame = 2; { width of menu frame } MenuFlashAddr = $A24; { address of lo-mem global: # of times to flash menu } TYPE intPtr = ^integer; VAR bmap : BitMap; menuRect : Rect; oldClip : RgnHandle; nilPt : Point; blink, whichItem : integer; oldPort, wMgrPort : GrafPtr; i : integer; hstate, mprocState : SignedByte; ticks : longint; menuFlashP : intPtr; oldSize, oldFont, oldMode : integer; pnState : PenState; strayed : boolean; dummyEvt : EventRecord; BEGIN hState := HGetState(handle(theMenuBar)); HLock(handle(theMenuBar)); GetPort(oldPort); SetPort(theMenuBar^^.gp); oldSize := thePort^.txSize; oldFont := thePort^.txFont; oldMode := thePort^.txMode; TextSize(12); TextFont(systemFont); TextMode(srcOr); menuFlashP := intPtr(MenuFlashAddr); whichItem := 0; WHILE WaitMouseUp DO{ loop while the mouse is down } BEGIN { find menu title that user is clicking on } i := theMenuBar^^.numMenus - 1; WHILE (i >= 0) AND NOT PtInRect(startPt, theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].titleRect) DO i := i - 1; { if user is clicking menu title, have the menu “drop down” } IF i >= 0 THEN WITH theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i] DO { note: theMenuBar is locked } BEGIN wHiliteMenu(theMenuBar, mh^^.menuID); { hilite title } CalcMenuSize(mh); { calculate menu size, it may have changed } SetRect(menuRect, titleRect.left + 1, mBarHeight, titleRect.left + mh^^.menuWidth + 1, mBarHeight + mh^^.menuHeight); InsetRect(menuRect, -menuFrame, -menuFrame); { if the menu overlaps the edges of the window, trim it } IF menuRect.bottom > thePort^.portRect.bottom THEN menuRect.bottom := thePort^.portRect.bottom; IF menuRect.right > thePort^.portRect.right THEN OffsetRect(menuRect, thePort^.portRect.right - menuRect.right - 2, 0); IF menuRect.left < 0 THEN OffsetRect(menuRect, -menuRect.left, 0); bmap.rowBytes := ((menuRect.right - menuRect.left + 15) DIV 16) * 2; bmap.bounds := menuRect; bmap.baseAddr := NewPtr(bmap.rowBytes * (menuRect.bottom - menuRect.top)); IF bmap.baseAddr <> NIL THEN { proceed if there is memory } BEGIN CopyBits(thePort^.portBits, bmap, bmap.bounds, bmap.bounds, srcCopy, NIL); oldClip := NewRgn; GetClip(oldClip); ClipRect(menuRect); { draw the menu -- thanks to Mike Schuster, MacTutor 12/85 } IF mh^^.menuHeight > 0 THEN BEGIN InsetRect(menuRect, menuFrame, menuFrame); EraseRect(menuRect); InsetRect(menuRect, -1, -1); FrameRect(menuRect); InsetRect(menuRect, 1, 1); GetPenState(pnState); PenNormal; MoveTo(menuRect.left + 1, menuRect.bottom + 1); Line((menuRect.right - menuRect.left), 0); Line(0, -(menuRect.bottom - menuRect.top)); SetPenState(pnState); END; { if there’re any menu items } LoadResource(mh^^.menuProc); mprocState := HGetState(handle(mh^^.menuProc)); HLock(mh^^.menuProc); whichItem := 0; MenuDefGlue(mDrawMsg, mh, menuRect, startPt, whichItem); { send the mChooseMsg while the user is still in this menu } strayed := false; WHILE WaitMouseUp AND NOT strayed DO BEGIN MenuDefGlue(mChooseMsg, mh, menuRect, startPt, whichItem); GetMouse(startPt); strayed := (startPt.v < mBarHeight - 1) AND (startPt.v > 0) AND (NOT PtInRect(startPt, titleRect)); IF i < theMenuBar^^.numMenus - 1 THEN strayed := strayed OR ((startPt.v < mBarHeight - 1) AND (startPt.v > 0) AND PtInRect(startPt, theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i + 1].titleRect)); { Enable FKeys (i.e. screen dump) and DA updating } IF EventAvail(everyEvent, dummyEvt) THEN ; SystemTask; END; { while WaitMouseUp ¬ strayed } { flash the menu if an item was selected } IF (whichItem <> 0) AND NOT strayed THEN FOR blink := 1 TO menuFlashP^ DO BEGIN SetPt(nilPt, 0, 0); MenuDefGlue(mChooseMsg, mh, menuRect, nilPt, whichItem); Delay(flashDelay, ticks); MenuDefGlue(mChooseMsg, mh, menuRect, startPt, whichItem); Delay(flashDelay, ticks); END; { whichItem <> 0 } HSetState(mh^^.menuProc, mprocState); SetClip(oldClip); DisposeRgn(oldClip); CopyBits(bmap, thePort^.portBits, bmap.bounds, bmap.bounds, srcCopy, NIL); DisposPtr(bmap.baseAddr); END; { memory for bitmap } END { i >= 0: found the hit menu title } ELSE BEGIN { user isn’t over a menu, so unhilite the last one hilited } IF theMenuBar^^.hilited <> noneHilited THEN wHiliteMenu(theMenuBar, 0); GetMouse(startPt); { need a new startPt -- mouse may have moved } END;{ no menu currently selected } END; { while WaitMouseUp -- looking for a hit menu title} { user let up on the mouse -- return the appropriate value } IF whichItem = 0 THEN wMenuSelect := 0 ELSE wMenuSelect := BitShift(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuID, 16) + whichItem; TextSize(oldSize); TextFont(oldFont); TextMode(oldMode); SetPort(oldPort); HSetState(handle(theMenuBar), hState); END; { wMenuSelect } {wMenuKey -- return the menu id and item no. with ch as it’s} { cmd-key equivalent } {Caution: this assumes knowledge of the internal structure} { of MenuInfo.menuData } FUNCTION wMenuKey;{ (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; } { ch : char) : longint; } CONST flashDelay = 3; TYPE SignedBytePtr = ^SignedByte; CharPtr = ^char; VAR hState : SignedByte; bp, keyEquivP : SignedBytePtr; i, j, whichMenu, whichItem : integer; done, enabled : boolean; ticks : longint; { compare alphabetic characters w/o case sensitivity } FUNCTION equalChars (c1, c2 : char) : boolean; BEGIN IF c1 IN [‘a’..’z’] THEN c1 := char(ord(c1) + ord(‘A’) - ord(‘a’)); IF c2 IN [‘a’..’z’] THEN c2 := char(ord(c2) + ord(‘A’) - ord(‘a’)); equalChars := c1 = c2; END; BEGIN i := 0; done := false; WHILE (NOT done) AND (i < theMenuBar^^.numMenus) DO BEGIN hState := HGetState(handle(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh)); HLock(handle(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh)); { run down a menu, looking for an item w/ ch as its key} { equivalent } j := 1; bp := SignedBytePtr(@theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuData); bp := SignedBytePtr(ord4(bp) + bp^ + 1); WHILE (NOT done) AND (bp^ <> 0) DO BEGIN keyEquivP := SignedBytePtr(ord4(bp) + bp^ + 2); IF equalChars(ch, char(keyEquivP^)) THEN BEGIN whichMenu := theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuID; whichItem := j; done := true; END ELSE BEGIN j := j + 1; bp := SignedBytePtr(ord4(keyEquivP) + 3); END; END; { looking through this menu } HSetState(handle(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh), hState); i := i + 1; END; { while loop -- looking for key equiv } {the item is enabled if both it and its menu title are} enabled := BitTst(@theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i - 1].mh^^.enableFlags, menuTitleBit); enabled := enabled AND (j < 32) AND (BitTst(@theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i - 1].mh^^.enableFlags, menuTitleBit - j)); IF done AND enabled THEN BEGIN wHiliteMenu(theMenuBar, whichMenu); wMenuKey := BitShift(whichMenu, 16) + whichItem; END { done } ELSE wMenuKey := 0; END; { wMenuKey } {wHiliteMenu -- unhilite the currently hilited menu title, and} { hilite a new one } {if menuID <> 0 } PROCEDURE wHiliteMenu; { (theMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; } { menuID : integer); } VAR i : integer; oldPort : GrafPtr; BEGIN GetPort(oldPort); SetPort(theMenuBar^^.gp); IF (theMenuBar^^.hilited <> noneHilited) THEN InvertRect(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[theMenuBar^^.hilited].titleRect); theMenuBar^^.hilited := noneHilited; IF menuID <> 0 THEN BEGIN i := 0; WHILE (theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].mh^^.menuID <> menuID) AND (i < theMenuBar^^.numMenus) DO i := i + 1; IF i <> theMenuBar^^.numMenus THEN BEGIN InvertRect(theMenuBar^^.wMenus[i].titleRect); theMenuBar^^.hilited := i; END; { found menuID } END; { menuID <> 0 } SetPort(oldPort); END; { wHiliteMenu } END. {wSample -- the Mac User Education prog, adapted to use wMenus} { by Jim Matthews } PROGRAM wSample; {$I-} USES wMenu; CONST appleID = 128; fileID = 129; editID = 130; appleM = 1; fileM = 2; editM = 3; menuCount = 3; windowID = 128; undoCommand = 1; cutCommand = 3; copyCommand = 4; pasteCommand = 5; clearCommand = 6; VAR myMenus : ARRAY[1..menuCount] OF MenuHandle; dragRect, txRect : Rect; textH : TEHandle; theChar : char; extended, doneFlag : boolean; myEvent : EventRecord; wRecord : WindowRecord; myWindow : WindowPtr; whichWindow : WindowPtr; myMenuBar : wMenuBarHandle; {SetUpWMenus -- read in menu templates and set up wMenuBar} PROCEDURE SetUpWMenus; VAR i : integer; BEGIN myMenuBar := wInitMenus(myWindow); myMenus[appleM] := GetMenu(appleID); AddResMenu(myMenus[appleM], ‘DRVR’); myMenus[fileM] := GetMenu(fileID); myMenus[editM] := GetMenu(editID); FOR i := 1 TO menuCount DO wInsertMenu(myMenuBar, myMenus[i], 0); END; {SetUpWMenus} {DoCommand -- handle menu commands} PROCEDURE DoCommand (mResult : longint); VAR theItem, theMenu : integer; name : Str255; temp : integer; BEGIN theItem := LoWord(mResult); theMenu := HiWord(mResult); CASE theMenu OF appleID : BEGIN GetItem(myMenus[appleM], theItem, name); temp := OpenDeskAcc(name); SetPort(myWindow); END; { appleID } fileID : doneflag := true; editID : BEGIN IF NOT SystemEdit(theItem - 1) THEN CASE theItem OF cutCommand : TECut(textH); copyCommand : TECopy(textH); pasteCommand : TEPaste(textH); clearCommand : TEDelete(textH); END; { case theItem of } END; { editID} OTHERWISE ; END; { case theMenu of } wHiliteMenu(myMenuBar, 0); END; { DoCommand } {main program} BEGIN InitGraf(@thePort); InitFonts; FlushEvents(everyEvent, 0); InitWindows; InitMenus; TEInit; InitDialogs(NIL); InitCursor; WITH screenBits.bounds DO SetRect(dragRect, 4, 24, right - 4, bottom - 4); doneFlag := false; myWindow := GetNewWindow(windowID, @wRecord, WindowPtr(-1)); SetPort(myWindow); SetUpWMenus; txRect := thePort^.portRect; txRect.top := mBarHeight; InsetRect(txRect, 3, 3); textH := TENew(txRect, txRect); {main event loop} REPEAT SystemTask; TEIdle(textH); IF GetNextEvent(everyEvent, myEvent) THEN CASE myEvent.what OF mouseDown : CASE FindWindow(myEvent.where, whichWindow) OF inSysWindow : SystemClick(myEvent, whichWindow); inMenuBar : IF MenuSelect(myEvent.where) <> 0 THEN ; { handle da menus in the “real” menu bar } inDrag : DragWindow(whichWindow, myEvent.where, dragRect); inContent : BEGIN GlobalToLocal(myEvent.where); IF myEvent.where.v < mBarHeight THEN BEGIN IF whichWindow <> FrontWindow THEN SelectWindow(whichWindow); DoCommand(wMenuSelect(myMenuBar, myEvent.where)); END ELSE BEGIN IF whichWindow <> FrontWindow THEN SelectWindow(whichWindow) ELSE BEGIN extended := BitAnd(myEvent.modifiers, shiftKey) <> 0; TEClick(myEvent.where, extended, textH); END; { whichWindow = FrontWindow} END; { click below menu bar } END; { inContent } OTHERWISE ; END; { mouseDown } keyDown, autoKey : BEGIN theChar := char(BitAnd(myEvent.message, charCodeMask)); IF BitAnd(myEvent.modifiers, cmdKey) <> 0 THEN DoCommand(wMenuKey(myMenuBar, theChar)) ELSE TEKey(theChar, textH); END; { keyDown, autoKey } activateEvt : BEGIN IF BitAnd(myEvent.modifiers, activeFlag) <> 0 THEN BEGIN TEActivate(textH); DisableItem(myMenus[editM], undoCommand); END ELSE BEGIN TEDeactivate(textH); EnableItem(myMenus[editM], undoCommand); END; { activate/deactivate } END; {activateEvt } updateEvt : BEGIN BeginUpdate(WindowPtr(myEvent.message)); EraseRect(thePort^.portRect); wDrawMenuBar(myMenuBar); TEUpdate(thePort^.portRect, textH); EndUpdate(WindowPtr(myEvent.message)); END; { updateEvt } OTHERWISE ; END; { case event.what of } UNTIL doneFlag; END. * Rmaker source for wSample.rsrc wSample.rsrc ???????? TYPE WIND ,128 wSample 40 50 300 450 Visible NoGoAway 0 0 TYPE MENU ,128 \14 TYPE MENU ,129 File Quit/Q TYPE MENU ,130 Edit (Undo/Z (- Cut/X Copy/C Paste/V Clear
- SPREAD THE WORD:
- Slashdot
- Digg
- Del.icio.us
- Newsvine