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Volume Number: | 2 | |||
Issue Number: | 8 | |||
Column Tag: | Intermediate Mac'ing |
Typecasting Rascal to Pascal
By David E. Smith, Editor & Publisher
A Complete (nearly) TML Shell
When I first saw this Keyboard Sleuth program, I thought, "How neat! But who has Rascal?", so after looking over the program, I figured I would just translate it into TML Pascal. Right! Three days and 60 hours later, I finally duplicated the program function in Pascal. In so doing, I gained an appreciation for how much work the development system shell in Rascal does for you, and how much programming effort must be spent typecasting variables in Pascal. Admittedly, I am an assembly language programmer, so when you tell me I need four bytes for a pointer, I don't care in the least what object the pointer points to. Not so in Pascal. Every time you turn around, you have to figure out some "magic" variable type to fool Pascal into letting you violate it's strongly typed variable rules. This is particularly a pain in the neck when dealing with the message field of the event record, since it's meaning changes (and hence it's type!) with each different event, even though it's length of course is always four bytes, or LONGINT. If I had understood typecasting better, the conversion would have been much easier.Whoever thought strongly typed variables would make a programmer's life easier never had to program for a living. Macintosh programs would decrease in size and complexity dramatically if mixing of variable types was both allowed and automatic by the compiler. This is one area where a good Basic compiler could really make toolbox programming simple and quick. (Perhaps that is the appeal of a langauge like Rascal in the first place!) Here are some typecasting rules that should make this easier for you than it was for me.
Typecasting on the Mac
Types in the Macintosh:
SignedByte: any byte in memory (-128..127)
Byte: unsigned byte (0..255)
Ptr: a pointer or address (^SignedByte)
Handle: address of a Ptr (^Ptr)
The Signed Byte is the fundamental type. Any size of bytes of memory can be created as a pascal data structure using the following:
Packed Array[1..size] of SignedByte
I'm still not sure what a string is, but the Macintosh string type is Str255, which is defined as STRING[255], which I finally found out on page I-91 of Inside Macintosh, means a four byte pointer to what I assume is a packed array of char that can be up to 255 characters in length. A byte length count is added at the beginning for a total size of 256 bytes. This was my assumption in the program, and it seems to work. So everytime you see Str255 in a program, it's not really the string, but a four byte ptr to the length byte of the string.
To get around the type casting problem for a pre-defined Pascal type, you do something like this:
Var key: Byte code: Char Begin key:=Byte(code); {types must be same length}
This forces code, which is a Char type into Key, which is a Byte type, by "reminding" Pascal with the Byte designator, that key is of type Byte. You'd think the compiler could figure that out for himself!
For non-predefinded types, it gets more complicated. Basically you have to create something in an allowed type and then force it into your type. The example below shows how to peek at a byte location in memory. We create a Handle (which always points to a signed byte), then typecast it into the Handle we really want (magicHandle), then use another Pascal mystery, the case boolean of, to equate the four byte LONGINT type to four individual bytes of Byte type so we can read a single byte. This is the most magic of all. It seems as if it violates the fundamental law of the universe, by making TRUE and FALSE both valid at the same time! I guess only a computer could accomplish that.
Peeking into Memory
Type magicHandle = ^magicptr; magicptr = ^magic; magic =packed record case boolean of true: (L:LONGINT); false: (byte3,byte2,byte1,byte0:Byte) end; Var tempHandle:Handle; {to signed byte} magicman:magicHandle; {this seems magic to me} addr: integer; mysize:integer; Begin addr:=$021E; {some place in memory to peek} mysize:=SIZEOF(magicman); tempHandle:=NEWHANDLE(mysize); magicman:=magicHandle(tempHandle); {typecasting!} magicman^:=pointer(addr); {more typecasting!} KbdType:=magicman^^.byte3; {Finally!} disposHandle(tempHandle); End;
Inside Macintosh says strong typing ability lets Pascal programmers write programs without really considering the size of variables (page I-86), which would be an advantage if we were writing Pascal programs. But on the Mac, you really write toolbox programs, which are assembly programs, which requires you to know the length of each type, which requires a lot of typecasting (I guess). If anyone else has an explanation of why we should ever have to typecast same length variables, I'd like to hear it.
The final problem is one of incrementing or decrementing an address in memory so you can point somewhere else. This gave me fits until I learned how you do it. First you convert the pointer back into a number (it wasn't already?). Then you do your number thing on it (add, subtract, etc.) Then you convert it back into a pointer. A whole set of functions let you do all this mashing of types. Here they are from page I-80 of Inside Macintosh:
Var anInteger: INTEGER; ALongInt: LONGINT; aPointer: Ptr; Begin anInteger: = ORD(aLongInt); {two low bytes} anInteger:= ORD(aPointer);{two low bytes} aLongInt:=ORD(anInteger); {packed in high order} aLongInt:=ORD4(anInteger);{packed in low order} aLongInt:=ORD(aPointer); {make ptr a number} aPointer:=POINTER(anInteger); {make into an address} aPointer:=POINTER(aLongInt);{make into an address} end;
The POINTER function converts a number into an address. So to increment an address, you:
NewAddress:=POINTER(ORD(@Str)+1);
This converts the pointer to the string to a LONGINT number, allowing you to increment it by one, and converts it back to a pointer. Now you've learned what took me 60 hours of Mac study to figure out. Namely how to point to the string data past the length byte. If it's old hat to you, then you're a Mac Hacker of long standing. If it's new, then welcome to the Macintosh world.
How Do You Print a String?
The main thing that Keyboard Sleuth does is poke around in the Mac and try and figure out what kind of keyboard you have. Then it prints all the information to the screen and a log file and sits in a loop waiting for you to press a key. When you do, it zaps out a message of what key number you pressed and what it's ascii value is and displays the character itself, if it's not a control character. So the main idea is to display back a lot of information to the user. How do you do that on the Mac? If you look at all the Mac programming books, and I've been through them all, generally they all assume its the user that wants to display stuff on the screen, not the program. In Rascal, it's easy as the following example shows from our program.
Rascal PutString Procedure
Procedure PutString(str: PtrB); BEGIN writestring(str); (* to the screen *) IF logfile THEN fPutS(logfile, str); (* to the file *) END;
Making the Simple into the Complex
What they don't tell you is a lot of housekeeping is done on the Mac for you. For example, if you print a bunch of stuff on the screen, what happens when you get to the bottom of the screen? Oh, you mean you want scrolling? Well, that's a horse of a different color. Or suppose someone opens the calculator DA, and your list is obliterated. Oh, you mean you want updating? That's TextEdit. Or suppose you want to save the data you displayed for the user. Oh, you want files? Well better go see standard file dialog about that! Or suppose you want to back up so the user can see what you printed out for him. Oh, well, you better get some controls then and handle a scroller event. And on and on it goes until your simple Print "hello world" becomes a full blown mac application. Such is what I got caught up into when I started converting this program to Pascal. I quit when I got to scrolling and saved controls for another day!
Pascal Version of PutString
Take a look at the procedure PutString in our Pascal program listing and you will see all of these issues we've discussed. We insert the text, pointing to the string data, not the length, into our text edit record. This basically gets the data on the screen. Then we check to see if we have reached the end of the screen, by looking at the line counts times the character height from the text edit record. In this way, it still works if someone changes fonts later. If we need scrolling, we scroll up, again using the character height as a scroll value. The TEInsert writes our text to the screen, and generates a new update event if the insertion changes anything downstream, which is doesn't in the case of printing lists.
KeyTrans Assembly Routine
The final problem had to do with the keytrans routine. This routine pokes around for the correct ROM routine to translate a key code into ascii. The clever thing is that this routine changes depending on what your country is, so by installing custom translation routines, you make custom Macs. By using this Mac routine to convert to ascii for us, we can see what character is returned and guess at the keyboard type. To do this we have to call a machine language routine. So keytrans is an assembly glue routine that allows us to call a Mac routine and return the results back to Pascal. This led to more investigations on how to call assembly from Pascal and how to call Pascal from assembly. The key to it all is the A6 frame pointer. How it works is shown in the figure below.
File Stuff Not Polished
Be aware that the file routine in OpenLog is very primitive and doesn't do anything with the error checking. I had the program bomb on me once or twice for some reason after the standard file dialog, so you should put some effort into beefing up the error checking coming back from the various disk I/O routines. This is a great little Mac demo program that is both useful and makes a good shell program showing off file I/O, text edit and scrolling. I learned a lot from it. Thanks Joel!
program KeyboardSleuth; { Keyboard Sleuth: analyze key mappings Stand-alone version written in Rascal By Joel West, August 1986, for MacTutor ** Converted to TML Pascal by David E. Smith ** Tries to figure out what keyboard is installed Uses several approaches: -Dump and analyze keyboard # -Check keypad for Mac 512 vs. Mac Plus -Look at INTL resources to find for country code -Check for mapping of space key (US vs. Foreign) Then allows user to type keys and shows their keycodes and ASCII values. Dumps this to screen and to a logfile } { Include files and constants } {$I MemTypes.ipas } {$I QuickDraw.ipas } {$I OSIntf.ipas } {$I ToolIntf.ipas } {$I PackIntf.ipas } {$I HFS.ipas } { ---------------- GLOBAL CONSTANTS ------------ } CONST Key1Trans = $29E; { Low Memory Globals } Key2Trans = $2A2; EOL = 13; { end of line file delimiter (RETURN) } {menu res id's } AppleMenu = 256; FileMenu = 257; EditMenu = 258; { ---------------- ASCII values ------------ } Space = $20; { } { Key #10, where US,UK "/" is (key # differs in US) } Slash = $2F; { / UK } Minus = $2D; { - German, Spanish, Swedish } Equals = $3D; { = French } Ograve = $98; { ò Italian } Eaigu = $8E; { é French Canadian } { Key # 36, where UK "`" (accent grave) is Used only to distinguish Spanish from German and Swedish } Degree = $A1; { ° Spanish/Latin American } Hash = $8A; { # German } Apos = $27; { ' Swedish } { ---------------- Keycap Numbers ------------ } USspKey = 49; { space bar in US } UKspKey = 52; { space bar in UK, Euro-Classics} UKslKey = 10; { / key in UK } UKgrKey = 36; { ` (dead) key in UK } { ---------------- GLOBAL VARIABLES ------------ } VAR {my stuff} mywindow: WindowPtr; { our window pointer } finished: Boolean; {program terminator} ClockCursor:CursHandle; {handle to waiting watch } {STDFile stuff} logfile: INTEGER; { file status } logname: STR255;{ file name } volNumber: INTEGER; { vRefNum } fileNumber: INTEGER; { file number } {Screen stuff} DragArea: Rect; GrowArea: Rect; Screen: Rect; {holds the screen dimensions } {TextEdit stuff} DestRect: Rect; ViewRect: Rect; theText: TEHandle; scrollflg:Boolean; { ---------------- BEGIN CODE ------------ } Function KeyTrans(keyno,modifies: Integer) : Integer; EXTERNAL; {$U keytrans} { Translate key number and modifiers to their corresponding ASCII value } Function CR:str255; begin CR:= chr(EOL) end; PROCEDURE Openlog; { open keyboard logfile to save all messages for later review } label 1; Var where: Point; Prompt: STR255; origName: STR255; reply: SFReply; { standard file reply record } Info: FInfo; { Finder file info reply record } vol: INTEGER; { vRefNum } fileno:INTEGER; { file number } resultCode:OSErr; Begin where.v := 50; where.h := 50; Prompt := 'Save your log file as:'; origName := 'KeyBoard Log'; DILoad;{in case disks are switched} SFPutFile(Where, Prompt, origName, Nil, reply); logname := reply.fName; vol := reply.vRefNum; IF reply.good = FALSE THEN logfile := 0 {bad file} ELSE logfile:= 1; {good file} IF logfile = 0 THEN goto 1; resultCode:=GetFInfo (logname, vol, Info); case resultCode of NoErr: { file exists..delete it } Begin if Info.fdType <>'TEXT' then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; resultCode:=RstFlock(logname,vol); if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; resultCode:=FSDelete(logname,vol); if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; resultCode:= Create (logname, vol, 'MACA', 'TEXT'); if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; end; FNFErr:{ file not found so create one } begin resultCode:= Create (logname, vol, 'MACA', 'TEXT'); if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; end; OTHERWISE logfile:=0; End; { case } if logfile = 0 then goto 1; resultCode:= FSOpen (logname, vol,fileno); { open log file } if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1; end; resultCode:= SetFPos (fileno, FSFromStart, 0); if resultCode <> NoErr then begin logfile:=0; goto 1 end; volNumber:=vol; fileNumber:=fileno; 1: if logfile = 1 then SetWTitle(mywindow, logname) else SetWTitle(mywindow, 'No Log File!'); End; Procedure PutString(str: Str255); { Write a string to the log file and to the screen } Var resultCode:OSErr; strlen:LONGINT; scrollup:integer; curlines:integer; linepos: integer; newpos:integer; endpos:integer; BEGIN strlen:=length(str); TEInsert(POINTER(ORD(@str)+1),strlen,theText); TEIdle(theText); HLock(handle(theText)); IF (not scrollflg) then begin scrollup:=theText^^.lineHeight; curlines:=theText^^.nLines; linepos:=curlines*scrollup; endpos:=theText^^.ViewRect.bottom; if (linepos>=endpos) then scrollflg:=true; end; if scrollflg then TEScroll(0,-theText^^.lineHeight,theText) HUnlock(handle(theText)); IF logfile = 1 THEN Begin resultCode:= FSWrite (fileNumber, strlen, POINTER(ORD(@str)+1)); if resultCode <> NoErr then logfile:=0; End; END; Function IntToString(num: Integer):str255; {integer to string} VAR s: Str255; longnum: LongInt; BEGIN longnum:=num; NumToString(longnum, s); IntToString:=s; END; Function KbdType: Integer; { Get low memory value at $21E, a byte, the keyboard no. } Type magicHandle=^magicptr; magicptr = ^magic; magic = packed record case boolean of true: (l: longint); false: (byte3,byte2,byte1,byte0: Byte) end; Var tempHandle: Handle; {handle to signed byte} magicman:magicHandle; {handle to magic} addr: INTEGER; mysize:INTEGER; BEGIN addr:= $021E; mysize:=SIZEOF(magicman); tempHandle:=NewHandle(mysize); magicman:=magicHandle(tempHandle); magicman^:=pointer(addr); KbdType:=magicman^^.byte3; disposHandle(tempHandle); END; Procedure ShowIntlNation; { Show } VAR country: integer; ih: intl0Hndl; s:str255; known: Boolean; BEGIN ih := intl0Hndl(IUGetIntl(0)); { get INTL 0 resource } country := (ih^^.intl0Vers) div 16; { country is upper byte } s:='This Mac is configured for '; known:=true; {be optomistic} { There are symbolic constants for these (verUS, verFrance, etc.), but unless even if you have the latest update to your development system, you probably won't have all 26. I've hard-coded them for clarity. } CASE country OF 0: s:=concat(s,'the US or Canada'); 1: s:=concat(s,'France'); 2: s:=concat(s,'U.K. or Ireland'); 3: s:=concat(s,'Deutschland'); { Germany } 4: s:=concat(s,'Italia'); 5: s:=concat(s,'Nederland'); { Netherlands } 6: s:=concat(s,'Belgique ou Luxembourg'); 7: s:=concat(s,'Sverige'); { Sweden } 8: s:=concat(s,'Españá'); { Spain } 9: s:=concat(s,'Danmark'); 10: s:=concat(s,'Portugal'); 11: s:=concat(s,'Quebec'); { French Canada } 12: s:=concat(s,'Norge'); { Norway } 13: s:=concat(s,'Yisra’el'); 14: s:=concat(s,'Nippon'); { Japan } 15: s:=concat(s,'Australia or New Zealand'); 16: s:=concat(s,'Arabiyah'); 17: s:=concat(s,'Suomi'); { Finland } 18: s:=concat(s,'Suisse'); { French Swiss } 19: s:=concat(s,'Schweiz'); { German Swiss } 20: s:=concat(s,'Ellas'); { Greece } 21: s:=concat(s,'Island'); { Iceland } 22: s:=concat(s,'Malta'); 23: s:=concat(s,'Kypros'); { Cyprus } 24: s:=concat(s,'Türkiye'); 25: s:=concat(s,'Jugoslavija'); OTHERWISE Begin known:=false; s:=concat(s,'an unknown country, #',IntToString(country),'. '); End; END; {case} if known then s:=concat(s,'. '); s:=concat(s,CR,CR); PutString(s); END; Procedure ShowModel; { Guess which type of Macintosh keyboard } Var s,ss:str255; Kbd:INTEGER; BEGIN { Use derived keyboard numbers } Kbd:=KbdType; ss:=IntToString(Kbd); s:=concat('The keyboard type is ',ss); CASE Kbd OF 11: s:=concat(s,', which is a Mac Plus keyboard.'); 3:s:=concat(s,', which is the Classic Mac keyboard.'); OTHERWISEs:=concat(s,', which is unknown.'); END; {case} s:=concat(s,CR); PutString(s); END; Procedure GuessKeyNation; { Guess which country keyboard mappings are set for } Var s: str255; BEGIN { Try mapping of certain keys to figure US vs. non-US board } IF (KeyTrans(USspKey,0) = Space) THEN begin s:='This is US, Canadian or down under.'; end {IF..THEN} ELSE BEGIN IF (KeyTrans(UKspKey,0) = Space) THEN BEGIN { Use UK "/" key to guess at nationality } CASE KeyTrans(UKslKey,0) OF Slash: { / UK } s:=concat(s,'I am British or Dutch.'); Ograve: { ò Italian } s:=concat(s,'Sono Italiano.'); Equals: { = French } s:=concat(s,'Je suis français, suisse ou belge.'); Eaigu: { é French Canadian } s:=concat(s,'Je suis canadien.'); Minus: { - German, Spanish, Swedish } { Use UK accent grave (dead `) to tell German, Spanish, and Swedish } CASE KeyTrans(UKgrKey,0) OF Hash: { # German } s:=concat(s,'Ich bin ein Deutscher.'); Degree: { ç Spanish } s:=concat(s,'Habla Español.'); Apos: { ' Swedish } s:=concat(s,'This is Swedish.'); OTHERWISE { I have no country! } s:=concat(s,'¡No tengo un país!'); END; {case UKgrKey} OTHERWISE begin s:=concat(s,'I am a Mac without a country!'); end; {otherwise} END; {CASE} END {IF...THEN} ELSE begin s:=concat(s,'Neither US nor European, what is it?'); end; {else} END; {IF..THEN..ELSE} s:=concat(s,CR,CR,'Type keys, or click mouse to quit.',CR); PutString(s); END; {proc} Procedure DoMyStuff; Var s: str255; BEGIN OpenLog; { log file } ShowIntlNation; { Find country code } ShowModel; { Examine keyboard type } GuessKeyNation; { Look at key mappings } showWindow(mywindow); END; { Following is standard Mac Shell stolen from TML Examples} PROCEDURE DoMenu(select:longint); Var Menu_No: integer; Item_No: integer; NameHolder: Str255; {DA or Font name holder } DNA: integer; {OpenDA result Begin If select <> 0 then begin Menu_No := HiWord(select); {get the Hi word of...} Item_no := LoWord(select); {get the Lo word of...} Case Menu_No of AppleMenu: Begin GetItem(GetMHandle(AppleMenu), Item_No, NameHolder); DNA := OpenDeskAcc(NameHolder); End; {applemenu} FileMenu: Finished:=true; {quit} EditMenu: Begin If Not SystemEdit(Item_no - 1) then Case Item_No of 1: begin end; {undo} { 2: line divider} 3: TECut(theText); {cut} 4: TECopy(theText ); {copy} 5: TEPaste(theText ); {paste} 6: TEDelete(theText ); {clear} End; {case} End; {editmenu} end; {case menu_no} HiliteMenu(0); {unhilite after processing menu} end; {If select <> 0} End; {of DoMenu procedure} PROCEDURE doMouseDowns(Event:EventRecord); Var Location :integer; WindowPointedTo:WindowPtr; MouseLoc :Point; WindoLoc :integer; Begin MouseLoc := Event.Where; WindoLoc := FindWindow(MouseLoc, WindowPointedTo); Case WindoLoc of inMenuBar: DoMenu(MenuSelect(MouseLoc)); inSysWindow: SystemClick(Event,WindowPointedTo); inContent: if WindowPointedto <> FrontWindow then SelectWindow(WindowPointedTo); inGrow:Begin End; {no grow} inDrag: DragWindow(WindowPointedTo,MouseLoc,DragArea); inGoAway: Begin If TrackGoAway(WindowPointedTo,MouseLoc) then Begin DisposeWindow(WindowPointedTo); finished:=true; End; End; {inGoAway} End{ of case}; End; PROCEDURE doKeyDowns(Event:EventRecord); Type magicHandle=^magicptr; magicptr = ^magic; magic = packed record case boolean of true: (l: longint); false: (byte3,byte2,byte1:Byte;chr0: Char) end; Var CharCode: char; keycode: Byte; mods: INTEGER; s:str255; keyc: INTEGER; asc: INTEGER; tempHandle: Handle; {handle to signed byte} magicman:magicHandle; {handle to magic} mysize:INTEGER; Begin mysize :=SIZEOF(magicman); tempHandle :=NewHandle(mysize); magicman :=magicHandle(tempHandle); magicman^^.l :=Event.message; CharCode :=magicman^^.chr0; keycode:=magicman^^.byte1; keyc := keycode; mods := Event.modifiers; s:=concat('Key #',IntToString(keyc)); IF BitAnd(mods,optionKey) = optionKey THEN s:=concat(s,' with Option'); IF BitAnd(mods,shiftKey) = shiftKey THEN s:=concat(s,', shifted'); IF BitAnd(mods,alphaLock) = alphaLock THEN s:=concat(s,', Caps Locked'); asc := KeyTrans(keyc,mods); { try translate to ASCII } { Don't want to print control characters } IF asc >= 32 THEN BEGIN s:=concat(s,' is ',chr(asc),' (ascii ',IntToString(asc),').'); END; s:=concat(s,CR); PutString(s) END; PROCEDURE doActivates(Event: EventRecord); Var TargetWindow:WindowPtr; Begin TargetWindow := pointer(ord4(Event.message)); If Odd(Event.modifiers) then Begin{activate} SetPort(TargetWindow); End else {deactivate} Begin End; End; PROCEDURE doUpdates(Event:EventRecord); Var UpDateWindow,TempPort: WindowPtr; Begin UpDateWindow := pointer(ord4(Event.message)); if UpDateWindow = mywindow then Begin GetPort(TempPort); {Save the current port} SetPort(mywindow); {set the port to one in Evt.msg} BeginUpDate(mywindow); EraseRect(mywindow^.visRgn^^.rgnBBox); TEUpdate(mywindow^.visRgn^^.rgnBBox,theText); EndUpDate(mywindow); SetPort(TempPort); {restore to the previous port} End; End; PROCEDURE EndProgram; Var resultcode:OSErr; Begin IF logfile =1 THEN begin resultCode:= FSClose(fileNumber); end; ExitToShell; End; PROCEDURE MainEventLoop; Var Event:EventRecord; DoIt: Boolean; Begin InitCursor; Repeat SystemTask; {support DAs} DoIt := GetNextEvent(EveryEvent,Event); If DoIt{is true} then {we'll DoIt} Case Event.what of mouseDown : doMouseDowns(Event); {1} mouseUp : begin end; {2} KeyDown : doKeyDowns (Event); {3} keyUp : begin end; {4} autoKey : begin end; {5} updateEvt : doUpdates (Event); {6} diskEvt : begin end; {7} activateEvt : doActivates (Event); {8} {abort evt now reserved for future} {9} networkEvt: begin end; {A} driverEvt : begin end; {B} app1Evt : begin end; {C} app2Evt : begin end; {D} app3Evt : begin end; {E} app4Evt : begin end; {F} End;{of Case} Until Finished; {end program} EndProgram; {call our finish up stuff} End; PROCEDURE InitThings; Begin InitGraf(@thePort); ClockCursor := GetCursor(watchCursor); HLock(Handle(ClockCursor)); SetCursor(ClockCursor^^); InitFonts; InitWindows; InitMenus; TEInit; InitDialogs(Nil); FlushEvents(everyEvent,0); scrollflg:=false; {too early to scroll!} finished:=false;{clear program terminator} End; PROCEDURE SetupLimits; Begin Screen := ScreenBits.Bounds; {screen 512 by 342 pixels} SetRect(DragArea,Screen.left+4,Screen.top+24, Screen.right-4,Screen.bottom-4); SetRect(GrowArea,Screen.left,Screen.top+24, Screen.right,Screen.bottom); End; Procedure SetupWindows; Const sbarwidth=16; {width of scroll bars} Var myrect: Rect; windtype: integer; Visible: boolean; GoAway: boolean; RefVal: LongInt; Begin SetRect(myrect,10,40,500,330); { window size -global cord} windtype := 4; {set window type - nogrowdocproc } Visible := false; {set the window to invisible } GoAway := true; {give the window a GoAway box } mywindow:= NewWindow(Nil, { allocate space in Heap} myrect, 'Keyboard Sleuth', Visible, windtype, POINTER(-1), {front} GoAway, { goaway region in title area } RefVal); { 32-bit value used by App} SetPort(mywindow); TextFont(Geneva); { Set Up Text Edit Record for this Window } with myWindow^.portRect do SetRect(ViewRect,4,4,right-(sbarwidth-1), bottom-(sbarwidth-1)); DestRect:=ViewRect; theText:= TENew(DestRect,ViewRect); { NOTE: NewWindow initiated an ActivatEvt and an } { UpDateEvt event. Being queued up by event manager.} End; PROCEDURE SetupMenus; Var myMenu:MenuHandle; NameHolder:STR255; Begin myMenu := GetMenu(AppleMenu);{from resource file} AddResMenu(myMenu,'DRVR'); {adds DAs} InsertMenu(myMenu,0); myMenu := GetMenu(FileMenu); {Quiting...} InsertMenu(myMenu,0); myMenu := GetMenu(EditMenu); {DA support...} InsertMenu(myMenu,0); DrawMenuBar; {show the menu bar} End; { ---------------- MAIN PROGRAM ------------ } BEGIN InitThings; SetupLimits; SetupWindows; {do first so its low in heap} SetupMenus; DoMyStuff; MainEventLoop; END. ; EXAMPLE ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE ; key test thing ; VERSION 11 July 1986 ; (C) Copyright 1986 MacTutor INCLUDE MACTRAPS.D XDEF keyTrans ; required for linker ; =========== system globals ============= Key1Trans equ $29E; { Low Memory Globals } Key2Trans equ $2A2; ; =========== key translation routine ====== KeyTrans: ; key code (2 bytes) and modifiers (2 bytes) passed ; ascii char code returned (2 bytes) link a6, #-4 movem.l A0-A1/D0-D2, -(SP) ; get key code from stack into D2 ; get modifiers from stack into D1 move.w 8(A6), D1;second parameter (modifiers) move.w 10(A6), D2 ;first parameter (key code) move.w #9, D0 ;shift count for flags lsrD0,D1;move bits to lower byte andi #7, D1;mask 3 bits to get modify in D1 cmpi #64, D2 ;keycode <64 then key1 BGEkey2 ;=>64 then key2 key1: clr.l D0 LEAshowit, A0 ;get return address move.l A0, -(SP);return address to stack move.l #key1trans, A0 ;global for ptr to key1trans move.l (A0), A0 ;get address of key1trans jmp(A0) ;call subroutine key2: subi #64, D2 ;adjust key code clr.l D0 LEAshowit, A0 ;get return address move.l A0, -(SP);return address to stack move.l #key2trans, A0 ;global for ptr to key2trans move.l (A0), A0 ;get address of key1trans jmp(A0) ;call subroutine showit: ; return function result from D0 move.w D0, 12(A6) ;pass back function result movem.l (SP)+, A0-A1/D0-D2 unlk a6 move.l (SP)+, A0;get return address addq.l #4, SP ;remove passed parameters JMP (A0) ; ------------ END OF PROGRAM ---------------- Link file !PAS$Xfer /Globals -4 Sleuth PAS$Library OSTraps ToolTraps PackTraps keytrans /TYPE 'APPL' 'DAV1' /BUNDLE /RESOURCES Sleuth/Rsrc $ * Sleuth.R * Sleuth/Rsrc.Rel Type DAV1 = STR ,0 D. Smith & J. West Type FREF ,128 APPL 0 Type BNDL ,128 DAV1 0 ICN# 0 128 FREF 0 128 Type MENU * the desk acc menu ,256 \14 * the file menu ,257 File Quit /Q * the edit menu ,258 Edit Undo /Z (- Cut /X Copy /C Paste /V Clear Type ICN# = GNRL ,128 (32) .H 001F C000 0060 2000 0080 1000 011F 8800 0120 4400 0240 2200 0240 1200 0280 1200 0380 1200 0000 1200 0000 2200 0000 2400 0000 4400 0000 8800 0001 1000 0002 2000 0004 4000 0004 8000 0004 8000 0004 8000 0004 8000 0004 8000 3FFF FFFC 76DB 6DBA B6DB 6DB9 8000 0001 BB6D B6DF BB6D B6DF 8000 0001 B6FF FEED 76FF FEEE 3FFF FFFC * FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
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