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The Adaptive Effects of Virtual Interfaces: Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Simulator Sickness
by Mark Draper
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Tables
Glossary
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Nature of Virtual Interfaces
1.3 Potential Negative Effects of Virtual Interfaces
1.3.1 Simulator Sickness
1.3.2 Physiological and Perceptual Adaptations
1.4 Role of Human Adaptation
1.5 VOR Recalibration as an Adaptation Metric
1.6 VOR Adaptation and Simulator Sickness
1.7 Virtual Interfaces as a Clinical Tool for Adaptation
1.8 Overview of Dissertation Research
1.9 Research Benefits
1.10 Dissertation Structure
Chapter 2: Background and Literature Review
2.1 Overview
2.2 The VOR and VOR Adaptation
2.2.1 The Vestibular Apparatus
2.2.2 VOR Description and Characteristics
2.2.3 VOR Adaptation
2.2.4 Relationship to Sickness Symptoms
2.2.5 Relationship to the Tracking Response of the Eye
2.3 Virtual Interfaces
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 Virtual Interface Design Challenges
2.3.3 Current Technology Limitations
2.3.4 Summary
2.4 Simulator Sickness
2.4.1 Simulator Sickness Defined
2.4.2 Characteristics of Simulator Sickness
2.4.3 Implications
2.4.4 Current Theories
2.4.5 Influencing Factors
2.4.7 Current Metrics
Chapter 3: General Hypotheses
3.1 Hypothesis 1: Virtual interfaces May drive Vor adaptation
3.1.1 Description and Support
3.1.2 Type of Head Movements under Consideration
3.1.3 Stimulus Rearrangements under Investigation
3.1.4 The Relative Movements of Head, Eye, and Gaze
3.1.5 Stimulus Predictability Concerns
3.1.6 Summary
3.2 Hypothesis 2: Adaptability Governs Sickness Susceptibility
3.2.1 Logic and Support
3.2.2 Prediction Issues
Chapter 4: Introduction To Experimentation
4.1 Overview of Experimentation
4.2 Early Research
4.2.1 The Sit-Stand Study
4.2.2 Ataxia Experiment #1
4.2.3 Ataxia Experiment #2
4.2.4 Pilot Study on Oculomotor Adaptation
4.2.5 Missteps, Roadblocks, and Should-Have-Workeds
4.2.6 Summary of Preliminary Research
4.3 Facility Development
4.3.1 The Equipment
4.3.2 VR Effects Laboratory Configuration
4.3.3 System Calibrations
4.4 Research Overview
Chapter 5: Image Scale Experiment
5.1 Objectives and Hypotheses
5.2 Subjects
5.3 Experimental Design
5.4 Experimental Set-up and Apparatus
5.5 Procedure
5.5.1 Preliminaries, Calibrations, and Baseline Measures
5.5.2 VE Exposure
5.5.3 Post-Exposure Testing and Re-adaptation Protocol
5.6 Data Analysis
5.6.1 VVOR and VOR Data
5.6.2 Simulator Sickness Data
5.6.3 Head Position Data Analysis
5.7 Results
5.7.1 VVOR Data
5.7.2 VOR Gain Adaptation
5.7.3 Sickness Reports
5.7.4 Head Position Analyses
5.7.5 Gain Adaptation / Sickness Relationship
5.7.6 VOR Gain Re-adaptation
5.7.7 Phase Adaptation
5.8 Discussion
5.8.1 VVOR Data
5.8.2 VOR Adaptation in VEs
5.8.3 Frequency-Specific vs. Generalized VOR Gain Adaptation
5.8.4 VOR Gain Re-adaptation
5.8.5 Simulator Sickness
5.8.6 Head Movement Analyses
5.8.7 VOR - Sickness Relationship
Chapter 6: Time Delay Experiment
6.1 Objectives and Hypotheses
6.2 Subjects
6.3 Experimental Design
6.4 Apparatus and Experimental Set-up
6.5 Procedure
6.6 Statistical Analysis
6.6.1 VVOR and VOR Data
6.6.2 Simulator Sickness Data
6.6.3 Head Position Data Analysis
6.7 Results
6.7.1 VVOR Data
6.7.2 VOR Adaptation
6.7.3 Sickness Data
6.7.4 Head Position Analyses
6.7.5 VOR Adaptation / Sickness Relationship
6.7.6 VOR Gain and Phase Re-adaptation
6.7.7 Balance Stability Data
6.8 Discussion
6.8.1 VVOR Data
6.8.2 VOR Phase Adaptation
6.8.3 VOR Gain Adaptation
6.8.4 VOR Adaptation and Frequency Specificity
6.8.5 VOR Gain and Phase Re-adaptation
6.8.6 Simulator Sickness Data
6.8.7 Head Movements
6.8.8 Relationship between VOR Adaptation and Simulator Sickness
6.8.9 Postural Stability Data
Chapter 7: Longitudinal VOR Adaptation Experiment
7.1 Objectives and Hypotheses
7.2 Subject
7.3 Experimental Design
7.4 Experimental Set-up and Apparatus
7.5 Procedure
7.6 Statistical Analysis
7.7 Results
7.8 Discussion
Chapter 8: Incremental Adaptation Experiment
8.1 Objectives and Hypotheses
8.2 Subjects
8.3 Experimental Design
8.4 Experimental Set-up and Apparatus
8.5 Procedure
8.6 Statistical Analysis
8.7 Results
8.8 Discussion
Chapter 9: General Discussion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Objective 1: examine General Hypothesis 1
9.2.1 VOR Gain Adaptation
9.2.2 VOR Phase Adaptation
9.3 Objective 2: Examine Simulator Sickness Effects
9.3.1 Effect of Image Scale
9.3.2 Effect of System Time Delay
9.3.3 A Critique of Simulator Sickness Theories
9.3.4 Other Issues Concerning Simulator Sickness
9.4 Objective 3: Test General Hypothesis 2
9.5 Objective 4: Virtual interface as a Rehabilitation Tool
9.6 Objective 5: Preliminary Virtual Interface Design Guidelines
9.7 The VOR Revisited
Chapter 10: Future Research Opportunities and Conclusion
10.1 Future Research Opportunities
10.1.1 Continued Characterization of Virtual Interface Parameters
10.1.2 Time Delay Experiment Findings: Replication and Advancement
10.1.3 Investigation of VOR Re-Adaptation Time-Course and Safety Issues
10.1.4 Expansion of Virtual Interface Design Guidelines
10.1.5 Miscellaneous VOR Research
10.1.6 Explore Adaptive Effects of the Entire Visual System
10.1.7 Further Develop the Incremental Step Technique
10.1.8 A Final Attempt at Relating VOR Adaptation to Simulator Sickness
10.2 conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix A: System Time Delay Calibration
Appendix B: Experimental Protocols
Appendix C: Subject Consent Form
Appendix D: Simulator Sickness Questionnaires
Appendix E: Virtual Environment Images and Target List
Appendix F: General Post Exposure Questionnaire
Appendix G: Classification Scheme To Aid Generalization of Simulator Sickness Results
Human Interface Technology Laboratory