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- Underground eXperts United
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- [ Genetic Moralism ] [ By The GNN ]
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- GENETIC MORALISM
- by THE GNN/DualCrew-Shining/uXu
-
- Contemporary studies of the inner part of nature, the genes and their codes
- (DNA), and their implications for our lives, have during the 20th century
- been very 'successful' in terms of 'understanding' the world. We are now
- able to modify certain codes so that vegetables may grow under harsh
- conditions, cows produce more milk and meat, humans avoid certain hereditary
- diseases, to mention a few rocks on the pile of progress. Out of these
- scientific fireworks, it is easy to jump to the conclusion that 'everything'
- around us has more or less something to do with genes.
- Some people have done this jump. An old trend that constantly appears in
- a new costume is to mix theories of genes and evolution with normative moral
- systems. Faithful readers of uXu are probably well aware of the conclusions
- put forward by Mr. Leon Felkins in some of his essays. His and his mentors'
- (especially Richard Dawkins) opinions concerning the human geist are well-
- familiar: Those moral theories that aim to make humanity more 'altruistic'
- (as opposed to 'egoistic') are deemed to fail since - and here follows the
- heavy argument - studies of the genes (and the evolution in general) has
- _scientifically proved_ that man is a 'natural biological egoist'. Man is in
- 'reality' (a central term in this context) completely controlled by her
- genes, an egoistic selfish elitist who only aims for personal survival, and
- the avoidance of death as a terminal state by refining and spreading the
- genetic code to further generations. The conclusion to be drawn out of this,
- it is said, is that it is hard (and even dangerous to the well-being of the
- world) to follow moral systems that run counter with this 'natural egoism'.
- If altruism is good or bad is not really a problem for the discussion I
- am about to enter in this text. The question I am interested in is more
- fundamental: is it really 'scientifically proven' that man is an egoist? Or
- is the term 'scientific' used in these discussions nothing more than a
- rhetorical tool, empty of content?
-
- What makes a theory 'scientific'? Several suggestions are available, not all
- of them compatible with each other. But a trivial feature they all share is
- that such a theory is partly constituted by a _criterion of falsifiability_;
- it must be possible to show that the theory to be false with the help of
- certain controlled experiments, tests. Prima facie, this might sound quite
- strange. After all, if a theory cannot be shown to be false, does this not
- show that it is true? Certainly. But this is something that is the case
- _after_ the tests in question have been performed. _Prior_ to the tests
- being conducted, the theory must be so constructed that it can be shown to
- be false. If a theory is formulated in a way that it is impossible to
- falsify it _under any condition_, the theory is not scientific. It is then
- more of a groundless speculation which belong to the area of metaphysics.
- "God initialised the Big Bang", "without knowing about it, all people
- want to commit suicide", or "there is an invisible rhino outside space and
- time under my desk" are all examples of theories which cannot be made false
- with empirical investigations. They always 'win', no matter what we say and
- see. We cannot test the hypotheses, because they are so constituted
- (formulated) that they are impossible to test. Even if all people around the
- world said that they were not interesting in killing themselves, the
- suicide-theory wins anyway, because of the addition of "without knowing
- about it". The invisible rhino cannot be discovered, since scientific
- instruments are not designed to observe objects which are said to exist
- outside time and space. And so on.
- Gene-moralists seldom hesitates to claim that their theories of 'natural
- egoism' are supported by scientific observations. So, if these moralists are
- not conceptually confused on what the very term 'science' implies, we must
- accept that their theories are well-grounded facts, the results of careful
- empirical investigations (with positive answers regarding their thesis).
- Well then, how does these observations look? In the literature around
- genetic-ego-moralism, we find no obvious answers. It seems like the writers
- presupposes that the reader has studied the scientific experiments that
- supports the conclusion in question. How certain genes have an indisputable
- influence on how we behave when it comes to alcoholism, looks and resistance
- to low temperatures, is clearly documented. But the claimed 'egoism' is not
- really tested. The writers mostly speak about how it was billions of years
- ago, when Earth was habituated by self-copying organisms; and conclude that
- we, today, have the same non-intentional intention of self-preservation as
- those organisms, with the exception of being of a slightly more complicated
- structure.
- Nothing however stops us from performing the observations necessary
- ourselves, using the literature of gene-moralism as a complement. We need no
- technically advanced equipment for succeeding with this task. After all, we
- are not really interested in if the genes 'themselves' are egoists (as it
- would be equally uninteresting, and worthless, to study the atomic structure
- of the brain to find out if we have a free will) but merely if the genes
- _makes us_ behave egoistic, without exceptions. Let us therefore, in a true
- scientific manner, perform some simple observations of the world, and its
- human inhabitants.
- Unfortunately, we quickly discover that the hypothesis seems to be false
- (or at least hard to prove). All around us, we see how people act like they
- were altruists. They open doors for others, they jump into dark waters to
- save drowning strangers, they sign up as military soldiers even though they
- know this will eventually lead them to a painful death. Actually, we will
- find so many exceptions (which a theory of this kind cannot afford) that we
- ought to conclude that the hypothesis is false.
- By now, the hard-core gene-moralists begin to speak. They claim that have
- not been careful enough in our observations. We have not understood the
- simple fact that we all are egoists, _but naturally acts unselfish because
- it in the end will favour our selfish interests_! This sounds like an
- acceptable explanation to why we could not immediately find the hypothesis
- to be true. Our genes are more cunning that one could firstly believe,
- despite their non-intentionality. Our seemingly unselfish acts are nothing
- more than the result of an advanced selfish strategy. We open doors, jump
- down in dark waters, and so on, because, in the end, someone will do the
- same thing for us.
- Following from this, we find a powerful argument to the question of why
- we refrain from breaking social conventions (sometimes referred to as
- 'memes'), even though it would occasionally favour our personal interests to
- do so. Most of us follow simple rules as 'do not steal bikes' or 'do not
- perform genocide', because we (our genes) have learnt that breaking them
- would, through complicated networks of other egoists, sooner or later strike
- back on ourselves. That the human race would be more 'moral' than other
- animals in is, then, only fine words which lack connection to the objective
- reality as put forward by the reliable method of modern science.
- As a final remark to the above, some gene-moralists fancy putting forward
- the assumption that there are defect versions of the human race; unnatural
- rebels whom fail to conform to the rules of the evolutionary ladder. They
- are not many; after all, nature have a firm grip over us. But nature is not
- perfectly perfect, thus open to mistakes. People whom does things which
- cannot, no matter how far we stretch the explanations, be explained in terms
- of egoism are sparkling clear examples of things that have gone wrong. The
- fact that there are adults without children whom commit suicide out of no
- apparent reason, cannot be anything else than signs that there are defect
- genes in the 'pool'.
- Have we now found enough evidence to conclude that the hypothesis
- concerning the human evolutionary gene-egoism is true? Yes, the gene-
- moralists say. But it does not take a genius to realise that something is
- wrong with this conclusion. How could we from the hypothesis 'all humans are
- egoists' via empirical observations which did _not_ support this theory come
- to the conclusion that it is true?
- Something is obviously wrong. But what?
- The answer is simple. If we look closer at the above arguments, we
- discover that they are nothing more than improper _additions_ to the thesis
- we tried to prove. Instead of performing the scientific method from the
- _question_ 'is man egoistic?', the additions slowly transferred the question
- into the _statement_ 'man is egoistic!'; and from this statement we merely
- formulated other theories which were said to support it. They sure support
- the statement. But they are of no use for the _original_ question, for which
- the examination was conducted in the first place.
-
- In other words, we have not presented any 'scientific theory' after all,
- merely a groundless speculation. The criterion of falsifiability vanished in
- the process, leaving us with a 'theory' which cannot be empirically tested
- under any conditions. Since the line of arguments coming from gene-moralists
- always takes this form, their serious claim of being scientific ought to be
- discarded.
- Sure, we can still argue that man ought to be an egoist. Nothing I have
- said in this text prevents us from this. Perhaps the world would be a much
- better place if people acted less altruistic. But to jump to this conclusion
- with the help of a highly dubious theory concerning our genes is to truly
- misconceive what the scientific method is - and, more importantly, is not.
-
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- uXu #428 Underground eXperts United 1998 uXu #428
- ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/texts/uxu
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-