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- = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #10 of 11 =
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-
- PLASTIC CARD ENCODING PRACTICES AND STANDARDS
- ---------------------------------------------
- By Hasan Ali
- For P/HUN Issue #3
-
-
- GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- --------------------------------
-
- If you take any plastic card (MasterCard, VISA, AMEX, ATM cards, etc.) and
- turn it over you will find a thin black strip of magnetic material. This
- strip has the ability to hold multiple "tracks" or bands of encoded data.
- There are 3 valid tracks. Track 1 is the track nearest to the top of the
- card, and it is followed by Tracks 2 and 3. The original specifications
- allowed for Tracks 1 and 2 only, and they are both read-only. The
- additional Track 3 furnishes an ability to read OR write.
-
-
- TRACK 1
-
-
- The International Airlines Transport Association originated the development
- of Track 1 as the official track airline use and, in fact, it defined the
- data and encoding formats for the ANSI standard. This track was originally
- designed to allow the use of customer-operated ticket dispensing machines
- to cut down the traffic at airport ticket counters.
-
- Now, many other parties make use of Track 1 because it is the only encoded
- track that permits encoding of the card holder's name. With this alphanumeric
- capacity, the card holder's name can be printed on an EFT terminal receipt
- rather cheaply, otherwise the name would have to be sent the computer, which
- would be more costly and would take more time.
-
- There are 26 formats for Track 1, and they are designated by codes from "A" to
- "Z". Format "B" is shown below.
-
- Field Name Length(chars)
-
- Start sentinel 1
- Format code = "B" 1 (alpha only)
- Primary account number Up to 19
- Separator (SEP) 1
- Country code 3
- Name 2 to 26
- Surname
- Surname SEP = "/"
- First name or initial
- Space (when required)
- Middle name or initial
- Period (when followed by title)
- Title (when used)
- SEP 1
- Expiration date or SEP 4 or 1
- Discretionary data balance up to maximum
- track length
- End sentinel 1
- Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) 1
-
- MAXIMUM TRACK LENGTH 79
-
- Format code "A" is reserved for proprietary use by the card issuer. Format
- codes "C" through "M" are reserved by ANSI for use in other data formats of
- Track 1. Format codes "N" through "Z" are available for use by individual
- card issuers.
-
-
- TRACK 2
-
-
- The American Bankers Association led to the development of Track 2 on behalf
- of two credit card companies (Interbank and VISA) and their members. The
- intent was to have a standardized plastic card which could be used at point-
- of-sale (POS) terminals to obtain authorization for credit card transactions.
-
- Today, in the financial industry, Track 2 is the most widely used encoding
- method for plastic cards. It has a strong following because most EFT
- terminals are connected directly to a computer that accesses the cardholder's
- data files. Also, it is the preferred choice of the ABA and is the only track
- recognized and supported by MasterCard and VISA.
-
- The format of Track 2 is shown below.
-
- Field Name Length (chars)
-
- Start sentinel 1
- Primary account number up to 19
- SEP 1
- Country code 3
- Expiration date or SEP 4 or 1
- Discretionary data balance up to maximum
- track length
- End sentinel 1
- LRC 1
-
- MAXIMUM TRACK LENGTH 40
-
- Although Track 2 is widely accepted, there is a serious potential concern
- about it because of its limited encoding capacity - only 40 characters. The
- argument supporting the current capacity stresses that all the necessary
- information to authorize a transaction is at the data center thereby
- eliminating the need to encode extraneous data. On the other hand, those
- suggesting that the capacity be increased feel that greater capacity would
- allow certain transactions to be approved directly at the terminal, or,
- at least, minimize data sent between terminal and computer for each
- transaction. Those who hold this view are using Tracks 1 and 3.
-
-
- TRACK 3
-
-
- Track 3 was developed for use in off-line EFT terminals but was designed
- to be compatible with other plastic card standards. Thus, Track 3 is
- compatible with the ANSI standard for embossing plastic cards and the ANSI
- standard for physical characteristics of magnetic stripes. More recently,
- financial institutions have started to use it in on-line systems because
- of its greater data storage capacity.
-
- The format of Track 3 follows.
-
- Field Name Usage Status Length (chars)
-
- Start sentinel M S 1
- Format Code M S 2
- Primary account number (PAN) M S 19
- SEP M S 1
- Country code or SEP M S 3 or 1
- Currency M S 3
- Currency exponent M S 1
- Amount authorized per M S 4
- cycle period
- Amount remaining this cycle M D 4
- Cycle begin M D 4
- Cycle length M S 2
- Retry count M D 1
- PIN control parameters or SEP M S 6 or 1
- Interchange control M S 1
- Type of account and M S 2
- service restriction (PAN)
- Type of account and M S 2
- service restriction (SAN-1)
- Type of account and M S 2
- service restriction (SAN-2)
- Expiration date or SEP M S 4 or 1
- Card sequence number M S 1
- Card security number or SEP M S 9 or 1
- First subsidiary account O S variable
- number (SAN-1)
- SEP M S 1
- Second subsidiary account O S variable
- number (SAN-2)
- SEP M S 1
- Relay marker M S 1
- Crypto check digits or SEP M D 6 or 1
- Discretionary data O D variable
- End sentinel M S 1
- LRC M D 1
-
- MAXIMUM TRACK LENGTH 107
-
- "M" - Mandatory field "O" - Optional field
- "D" - Dynamic field - may be modified by appropriate interchange partners
- "S" - Static field - may only be modified by card issuer
-
-
-
- For further information on these topics, find these ANSI publications
- at your local good technical library:
- ANSI X4.13-1979
- ANSI X4.16-1973
- ANSI X4.16-(Draft October 1980)
- ANSI X9.1-1980
-
-