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- Network Working Group K. Murakami
- Request for Comments: 2176 M. Maruyama
- Category: Informational NTT Laboratories
- June 1997
-
-
- IPv4 over MAPOS Version 1
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Authors' Note
-
- This memo documents a mechanism for supporting Version 4 of the
- Internet Protocol (IPv4) on Version 1 of the Multiple Access Protocol
- over SONET/SDH. This document is NOT the product of an IETF working
- group nor is it a standards track document. It has not necessarily
- benefited from the widespread and in-depth community review that
- standards track documents receive.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document describes a protocol for transmission of the Internet
- Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) over Multiple Access Over SONET/SDH (MAPOS)
- version 1. MAPOS is a link layer protocol and provides multiple
- access capability over SONET/SDH links. IP runs on top of MAPOS. This
- document explains IP datagram encapsulation in HDLC frame of MAPOS,
- and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH (MAPOS) [1] is a high-speed
- link-layer protocol that provides multiple access capability over
- SONET/SDH. Its frame format is based on the HDLC-like framing [2] for
- PPP. A component called "Frame Switch" [1] allows multiple nodes to
- be connected together in a star topology to form a LAN. Using long
- haul SONET/SDH links, the nodes on such a "SONET-LAN" can span over a
- wide geographical area. The Internet Protocol (IP) [3] datagrams are
- transmitted in MAPOS HDLC frames [1].
-
- This document describes a protocol for transmission of IP datagrams
- over MAPOS version 1 [1]. It explains IP datagram encapsulation in
- HDLC frame of MAPOS, and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) for
- mapping between IP address and HDLC address.
-
-
-
-
- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 1]
-
- RFC 2176 MAPOS June 1997
-
-
- 2. Frame Format for Encapsulating IP Datagrams
-
- An IP datagram is transmitted in a MAPOS HDLC frame. The protocol
- field of the frame must contain the value 0x0021 (hexadecimal) as
- defined by the "MAPOS Version 1 Assigned Numbers" [4]. The
- information field contains the IP datagram.
-
- The information field may be one to 65,280 octets in length; the
- MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit) of MAPOS is 65,280 octets. Although
- the large MTU size can suppress the overhead of IP header processing,
- it may cause fragmentation anywhere along the path from the source to
- the destination and result in performance degradation. To cope with
- the issue, Path MTU discovery [5] may be used.
-
- 3. Address Mapping
-
- This section explains MAPOS ARP and the mapping of special addresses.
-
- 3.1 ARP cache
-
- Each node on a MAPOS network maintains an "ARP cache" that maps
- destination IP addresses to their corresponding 8-bit HDLC addresses.
- Entries are added to this cache either manually or by the Address
- Resolution Protocol described below. Entries are removed from this
- cache manually, by the UNARP mechanism, or by ARP cache validation
- mechanism. An implementation must provide a mechanism for manually
- adding or removing arbitrary ARP cache entries.
-
- 3.2 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
-
- This subsection describes MAPOS ARP protocol and its packet format.
-
- 3.2.1 Overview
-
- The MAPOS ARP is similar to that for ethernet. Prior to sending an
- IP datagram, the node must know the destination HDLC address
- corresponding to the destination IP address. When its ARP cache does
- not contain the corresponding entry, it uses ARP to translate the IP
- address to the HDLC address. That is, it broadcasts an ARP request
- containing the destination IP address. In response to the request,
- the node which has the IP address sends an ARP reply containing the
- HDLC address. The returned HDLC address is stored in the ARP cache.
-
- 3.2.2 ARP Frame Format
-
- The protocol field for an ARP frame must contain 0xFE01 (hexadecimal)
- as defined by the "MAPOS Version 1 Assigned Numbers" [4]. The
- information field contains the ARP packet as shown below.
-
-
-
- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 2]
-
- RFC 2176 MAPOS June 1997
-
-
- +-------------------------+------------------------+
- | Hardware Address Space | Protocol Address Space |
- | (25:MAPOS) | (2048 in Dec) |
- | 16 bits | 16 bits |
- +------------+------------+------------------------+
- | Hard Addr | Proto Addr | Operation Code |
- | Length (4) | Length (4) |(1:Request 2:Response) |
- | 8 bits | 8 bits | 16 bits |
- +------------+------------+------------------------+
- | Sender HDLC Address 32 bits |
- +--------------------------------------------------+
- | Sender IP Address 32 bits |
- +--------------------------------------------------+
- | Target HDLC Address 32 bits |
- +--------------------------------------------------+
- | Target IP Address 32 bits |
- +--------------------------------------------------+
-
- Figure 5 ARP packet format
-
-
- Hardware Address Space (16 bits)
-
- The hardware address space for MAPOS ARP is 25 in Decimal as
- assigned by IANA [6].
-
- Protocol Address Space (16 bits)
-
- The protocol address space for IP is 2048 in Decimal.
-
- Hardware Address Length (8 bits)
-
- The hardware address length is 4.
-
- Protocol Address Length (8 bits)
-
- The protocol address length for IP is 4.
-
- Operation Code (16 bits)
-
- The operation code is 1 for request and 2 for response.
-
- Sender hardware (HDLC) Address (32 bits)
-
- Contains the sender's HDLC address in an ARP request, and the
- target HDLC address in an ARP response. The 8-bit HDLC address is
- placed in the least significant place of the 32-bit field. The
- remaining bits should be zero.
-
-
-
- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 3]
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- RFC 2176 MAPOS June 1997
-
-
- Sender Protocol (IP) Address (32 bits)
-
- Contains the sender's IP address in an ARP request, and the target
- IP address in an ARP response.
-
- Target hardware (HDLC) Address (32 bits)
-
- Contains unknown target HDLC address (all zeros) in an ARP request,
- and sender's HDLC address in an ARP response. The 8-bit HDLC
- address is placed in the least significant place of the 32-bit
- field. The remaining bits should be zero.
-
- Target Protocol (IP) Address (32 bits)
-
- Contains the target IP address in an ARP request, and the sender's
- IP address in an ARP response.
-
- 3.3 UNARP
-
- An implementation MUST provide an UNARP mechanism to flush obsolete
- ARP cache entries. The mechanism is similar to the ARP extension
- described in [7]. When a node detects that its port has came up, it
- MUST broadcast an UNARP packet. It forces every other node to clear
- the obsolete ARP entry which was created by the node previously
- connected to the switch port. An UNARP is an ARP clear request with
- the following values:
-
- Hardware Address Space : 25
- Protocol Address Space : 2048
- Hardware Address Length : 4
- Protocol Address Length : 4
- Operation Code : 23 (MAPOS-UNARP)
- Sender hardware (HDLC) Address : HDLC address of the node
- Sender Protocol (IP) Address : IP address of the node
- Target hardware (HDLC) Address : all 1
- Target Protocol (IP) Address : 255.255.255.255 (broadcast)
-
- Hardware Address Space (16 bits)
-
- The hardware address space for MAPOS ARP is 25 in Decimal as
- assigned by IANA [6].
-
- Operation Code (16 bits)
-
- The operation code is 23 for MAPOS-UNARP in Decimal as assigned by
- IANA [6].
-
-
-
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 4]
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- RFC 2176 MAPOS June 1997
-
-
- The node MUST send three UNARP packets at 30 seconds intervals. The
- receiving node of the packet MUST clear the ARP cache entry
- associated with the Sender Protocol (IP) Address, if and only if the
- corresponding Hardware (HDLC) Address is not equal to that contained
- in the UNARP packet. That is, if both the Sender Hardware (HDLC)
- Address and the Sender Protocol(IP) Address match those of the cached
- entry, the entry is left unchanged.
-
- 3.4 ARP Cache Validation
-
- An implementation MUST provide a mechanism to remove out-of-date
- cache entries and it SHOULD provide options to configure the timeout
- value [8]. One approach is to periodically time-out the cache
- entries, even if they are in use. This approach involves ARP cache
- timeouts in the order of a minute or less.
-
- Furthermore, when the link is lost on an interface, all ARP cache
- entries associated with the interface MUST be removed immediately.
- Causes for link loss includes conditions such as loss of carrier and
- out-of-synchronization.
-
-
- 3.5 IP Broadcast and multicast
-
- In broadcast and multicast frames, the most significant bit of the
- HDLC address must be 1 [1]. In addition, the least significant bit
- must always be 1 to indicate the end of the field [1].
-
- In the case of IP broadcast, the remaining six bits of the HDLC
- address must be all 1s. That is, it should be mapped to the HDLC
- broadcast address 0xFF (hexadecimal).
-
- In the case of IP multicast, the remaining six bits of the HDLC
- address must contain the lowest-order six bits of the IP multicast
- group address. It resembles IP multicast extension for ethernet
- described in [9]. Exceptions arise when these six bits are either
- all zeros or all ones, in which case they should be altered to the
- bit sequence 111110.
-
- 4. Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 5]
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- RFC 2176 MAPOS June 1997
-
-
- References
-
- [1] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol
- over SONET/SDH, Version 1," RFC-2171, June 1997.
-
- [2] Simpson, W., editor, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing," RFC-1662,
- July 1994.
-
- [3] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol (IP)," RFC-791, September 1981.
-
- [4] Maruyama, M. and K. Murakami, "MAPOS Version 1 Assigned
- Numbers," RFC-2172, June 1997.
-
- [5] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery," RFC-1191,
- Nov. 1990.
-
- [6] IANA, "IANA-Assignments",
- http://www.iana.org/iana/assignments.html
-
- [7] Malkin, G., "ARP Extension - UNARP," RFC-1868, November 1995.
-
- [8] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication
- Layers," RFC-1122, October 1989.
-
- [9] Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting," RFC-1112,
- August 1989.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and
- thoughtful suggestions of John P. Mullaney, Clark Bremer, Masayuki
- Kobayashi, Paul Francis, Toshiaki Yoshida, and Takahiro Sajima.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Ken Murakami
- NTT Software Laboratories
- 3-9-11, Midori-cho
- Musashino-shi
- Tokyo-180, Japan
- E-mail: murakami@ntt-20.ecl.net
-
- Mitsuru Maruyama
- NTT Software Laboratories
- 3-9-11, Midori-cho
- Musashino-shi
- Tokyo-180, Japan
- E-mail: mitsuru@ntt-20.ecl.net
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 6]
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