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- Network Working Group F. Yergeau
- Request for Comments: 2044 Alis Technologies
- Category: Informational October 1996
-
-
- UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- The Unicode Standard, version 1.1, and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 jointly
- define a 16 bit character set which encompasses most of the world's
- writing systems. 16-bit characters, however, are not compatible with
- many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the
- development of a few so-called UCS transformation formats (UTF), each
- with different characteristics. UTF-8, the object of this memo, has
- the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range: US-ASCII
- characters are encoded in one octet having the usual US-ASCII value,
- and any octet with such a value can only be an US-ASCII character.
- This provides compatibility with file systems, parsers and other
- software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other
- values.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The Unicode Standard, version 1.1 [UNICODE], and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993
- [ISO-10646] jointly define a 16 bit character set, UCS-2, which
- encompasses most of the world's writing systems. ISO 10646 further
- defines a 31-bit character set, UCS-4, with currently no assignments
- outside of the region corresponding to UCS-2 (the Basic Multilingual
- Plane, BMP). The UCS-2 and UCS-4 encodings, however, are hard to use
- in many current applications and protocols that assume 8 or even 7
- bit characters. Even newer systems able to deal with 16 bit
- characters cannot process UCS-4 data. This situation has led to the
- development of so-called UCS transformation formats (UTF), each with
- different characteristics.
-
- UTF-1 has only historical interest, having been removed from ISO
- 10646. UTF-7 has the quality of encoding the full Unicode repertoire
- using only octets with the high-order bit clear (7 bit US-ASCII
- values, [US-ASCII]), and is thus deemed a mail-safe encoding
- ([RFC1642]). UTF-8, the object of this memo, uses all bits of an
- octet, but has the quality of preserving the full US-ASCII range:
-
-
-
- Yergeau Informational [Page 1]
-
- RFC 2044 UTF-8 October 1996
-
-
- US-ASCII characters are encoded in one octet having the normal US-
- ASCII value, and any octet with such a value can only stand for an
- US-ASCII character, and nothing else.
-
- UTF-16 is a scheme for transforming a subset of the UCS-4 repertoire
- into a pair of UCS-2 values from a reserved range. UTF-16 impacts
- UTF-8 in that UCS-2 values from the reserved range must be treated
- specially in the UTF-8 transformation.
-
- UTF-8 encodes UCS-2 or UCS-4 characters as a varying number of
- octets, where the number of octets, and the value of each, depend on
- the integer value assigned to the character in ISO 10646. This
- transformation format has the following characteristics (all values
- are in hexadecimal):
-
- - Character values from 0000 0000 to 0000 007F (US-ASCII repertoire)
- correspond to octets 00 to 7F (7 bit US-ASCII values).
-
- - US-ASCII values do not appear otherwise in a UTF-8 encoded charac-
- ter stream. This provides compatibility with file systems or
- other software (e.g. the printf() function in C libraries) that
- parse based on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other val-
- ues.
-
- - Round-trip conversion is easy between UTF-8 and either of UCS-4,
- UCS-2 or Unicode.
-
- - The first octet of a multi-octet sequence indicates the number of
- octets in the sequence.
-
- - Character boundaries are easily found from anywhere in an octet
- stream.
-
- - The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved. Of
- course this is of limited interest since the sort order is not
- culturally valid in either case.
-
- - The octet values FE and FF never appear.
-
- UTF-8 was originally a project of the X/Open Joint
- Internationalization Group XOJIG with the objective to specify a File
- System Safe UCS Transformation Format [FSS-UTF] that is compatible
- with UNIX systems, supporting multilingual text in a single encoding.
- The original authors were Gary Miller, Greger Leijonhufvud and John
- Entenmann. Later, Ken Thompson and Rob Pike did significant work for
- the formal UTF-8.
-
-
-
-
-
- Yergeau Informational [Page 2]
-
- RFC 2044 UTF-8 October 1996
-
-
- A description can also be found in Unicode Technical Report #4 [UNI-
- CODE]. The definitive reference, including provisions for UTF-16
- data within UTF-8, is Annex R of ISO/IEC 10646-1 [ISO-10646].
-
- 2. UTF-8 definition
-
- In UTF-8, characters are encoded using sequences of 1 to 6 octets.
- The only octet of a "sequence" of one has the higher-order bit set to
- 0, the remaining 7 bits being used to encode the character value. In
- a sequence of n octets, n>1, the initial octet has the n higher-order
- bits set to 1, followed by a bit set to 0. The remaining bit(s) of
- that octet contain bits from the value of the character to be
- encoded. The following octet(s) all have the higher-order bit set to
- 1 and the following bit set to 0, leaving 6 bits in each to contain
- bits from the character to be encoded.
-
- The table below summarizes the format of these different octet types.
- The letter x indicates bits available for encoding bits of the UCS-4
- character value.
-
- UCS-4 range (hex.) UTF-8 octet sequence (binary)
- 0000 0000-0000 007F 0xxxxxxx
- 0000 0080-0000 07FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
- 0000 0800-0000 FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-
- 0001 0000-001F FFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
- 0020 0000-03FF FFFF 111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
- 0400 0000-7FFF FFFF 1111110x 10xxxxxx ... 10xxxxxx
-
- Encoding from UCS-4 to UTF-8 proceeds as follows:
-
- 1) Determine the number of octets required from the character value
- and the first column of the table above.
-
- 2) Prepare the high-order bits of the octets as per the second column
- of the table.
-
- 3) Fill in the bits marked x from the bits of the character value,
- starting from the lower-order bits of the character value and
- putting them first in the last octet of the sequence, then the
- next to last, etc. until all x bits are filled in.
-
-
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- Yergeau Informational [Page 3]
-
- RFC 2044 UTF-8 October 1996
-
-
- The algorithm for encoding UCS-2 (or Unicode) to UTF-8 can be
- obtained from the above, in principle, by simply extending each
- UCS-2 character with two zero-valued octets. However, UCS-2 val-
- ues between D800 and DFFF, being actually UCS-4 characters trans-
- formed through UTF-16, need special treatment: the UTF-16 trans-
- formation must be undone, yielding a UCS-4 character that is then
- transformed as above.
-
- Decoding from UTF-8 to UCS-4 proceeds as follows:
-
- 1) Initialize the 4 octets of the UCS-4 character with all bits set
- to 0.
-
- 2) Determine which bits encode the character value from the number of
- octets in the sequence and the second column of the table above
- (the bits marked x).
-
- 3) Distribute the bits from the sequence to the UCS-4 character,
- first the lower-order bits from the last octet of the sequence and
- proceeding to the left until no x bits are left.
-
- If the UTF-8 sequence is no more than three octets long, decoding
- can proceed directly to UCS-2 (or equivalently Unicode).
-
- A more detailed algorithm and formulae can be found in [FSS_UTF],
- [UNICODE] or Annex R to [ISO-10646].
-
- 3. Examples
-
- The Unicode sequence "A<NOT IDENTICAL TO><ALPHA>." (0041, 2262, 0391,
- 002E) may be encoded as follows:
-
- 41 E2 89 A2 CE 91 2E
-
- The Unicode sequence "Hi Mom <WHITE SMILING FACE>!" (0048, 0069,
- 0020, 004D, 006F, 006D, 0020, 263A, 0021) may be encoded as follows:
-
- 48 69 20 4D 6F 6D 20 E2 98 BA 21
-
- The Unicode sequence representing the Han characters for the Japanese
- word "nihongo" (65E5, 672C, 8A9E) may be encoded as follows:
-
- E6 97 A5 E6 9C AC E8 AA 9E
-
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- Yergeau Informational [Page 4]
-
- RFC 2044 UTF-8 October 1996
-
-
- MIME registrations
-
- This memo is meant to serve as the basis for registration of a MIME
- character encoding (charset) as per [RFC1521]. The proposed charset
- parameter value is "UTF-8". This string would label media types
- containing text consisting of characters from the repertoire of ISO
- 10646-1 encoded to a sequence of octets using the encoding scheme
- outlined above.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Acknowledgments
-
- The following have participated in the drafting and discussion of
- this memo:
-
- James E. Agenbroad Andries Brouwer
- Martin J. D|rst David Goldsmith
- Edwin F. Hart Kent Karlsson
- Markus Kuhn Michael Kung
- Alain LaBonte Murray Sargent
- Keld Simonsen Arnold Winkler
-
- Bibliography
-
- [FSS_UTF] X/Open CAE Specification C501 ISBN 1-85912-082-2 28cm.
- 22p. pbk. 172g. 4/95, X/Open Company Ltd., "File Sys-
- tem Safe UCS Transformation Format (FSS_UTF)", X/Open
- Preleminary Specification, Document Number P316. Also
- published in Unicode Technical Report #4.
-
- [ISO-10646] ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993. International Standard -- Infor-
- mation technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
- Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and Basic
- Multilingual Plane. UTF-8 is described in Annex R,
- adopted but not yet published. UTF-16 is described in
- Annex Q, adopted but not yet published.
-
- [RFC1521] Borenstein, N., and N. Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose
- Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for
- Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Mes-
- sage Bodies", RFC 1521, Bellcore, Innosoft, September
- 1993.
-
- [RFC1641] Goldsmith, D., and M. Davis, "Using Unicode with
- MIME", RFC 1641, Taligent inc., July 1994.
-
-
-
- Yergeau Informational [Page 5]
-
- RFC 2044 UTF-8 October 1996
-
-
- [RFC1642] Goldsmith, D., and M. Davis, "UTF-7: A Mail-safe
- Transformation Format of Unicode", RFC 1642,
- Taligent, Inc., July 1994.
-
- [UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard --
- Worldwide Character Encoding -- Version 1.0", Addison-
- Wesley, Volume 1, 1991, Volume 2, 1992. UTF-8 is
- described in Unicode Technical Report #4.
-
- [US-ASCII] Coded Character Set--7-bit American Standard Code for
- Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Francois Yergeau
- Alis Technologies
- 100, boul. Alexis-Nihon
- Suite 600
- Montreal QC H4M 2P2
- Canada
-
- Tel: +1 (514) 747-2547
- Fax: +1 (514) 747-2561
- EMail: fyergeau@alis.com
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- Yergeau Informational [Page 6]
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