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Network Working Group V. Schryver Request for Comments: 1977 August 1996 Category: Informational PPP BSD Compression Protocol Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. The PPP Compression Control Protocol [2] provides a method to negotiate and utilize compression protocols over PPP encapsulated links. This document describes the use of the Unix Compress compression protocol for compressing PPP encapsulated packets. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................... 1 1.1 Licensing ................................. 2 2. BSD Compress Packets ............................ 2 2.1 Packet Format ............................. 5 3. Configuration Option Format ..................... 6 APPENDICES ............................................. 7 A. BSD Compress Algorithm .......................... 7 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ................................ 24 REFERENCES ............................................. 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... 24 CHAIR'S ADDRESS ........................................ 25 AUTHOR'S ADDRESS ....................................... 25 1. Introduction UNIX compress as embodied in the freely and widely distributed BSD source has the following features: - dynamic table clearing when compression becomes less effective. Schryver Informational [Page 1] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 - automatic turning off of compression when the overall result is not smaller than the input. - dynamic choice of code width within predetermined limits. - heavily used for many years in networks, on modem and other point-to-point links to transfer netnews. - an effective code width requires less than 64KBytes of memory on both sender and receive. 1.1. Licensing BSD Unix compress command source is widely and freely available, with no additional license for many computer vendors. The included source code is based on the BSD compress command source and carries only the copyright of The Regents of the University of California. Use the code entirely at your own risk. It has no warranties or indemnifications of any sort. Note that there are patents on LZW. 2. BSD Compress Packets Before any BSD Compress packets may be communicated, PPP must reach the Network-Layer Protocol phase, and the CCP Control Protocol must reach the Opened state. Exactly one BSD Compress datagram is encapsulated in the PPP Information field, where the PPP Protocol field contains 0xFD or 0xFB. 0xFD is used when the PPP multilink protocol is not used or "above" multilink. 0xFB is used "below" multilink, to compress independently on individual links of a multilink bundle. The maximum length of the BSD Compress datagram transmitted over a PPP link is the same as the maximum length of the Information field of a PPP encapsulated packet. Only packets with PPP Protocol numbers in the range 0x0000 to 0x3FFF and neither 0xFD nor 0xFB are compressed. Other PPP packets are always sent uncompressed. Control packets are infrequent and should not be compressed for robustness. Padding BSD Compress packets require the previous negotiation of the Self-Describing-Padding Configuration Option [3] if padding is added to packets. If no padding is added, than Self-Describing- Padding is not required. Schryver Informational [Page 2] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 Reliability and Sequencing BSD Compress requires the packets to be delivered in sequence. It relies on Reset-Request and Reset-Ack CCP packets or on renegotiation of the Compression Control Protocol [2] to indicate loss of synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. The HDLC FCS detects corrupted packets and the normal mechanisms discard them. Missing or out of order packets are detected by the sequence number in each packet. The packet sequence number ought to be checked before decoding the packet. Instead of transmitting a Reset-Request packet when detecting a decompression error, the receiver MAY momentary force CCP to drop out of the Opened state by transmitting a new CCP Configure- Request. This method is more expensive than using Reset-Requests. When the receiver first encounters an unexpected sequence number it SHOULD send a Reset-Request CCP packet as defined in the Compression Control Protocol. When the transmitter sends the Reset-Ack or when the receiver receives a Reset-ACK, they must reset the sequence number to zero, clear the compression dictionary, and resume sending and receiving compressed packets. The receiver MUST discard all compressed packets after detecting an error and until it receives a Reset-Ack. This strategy can be thought of as abandoning the transmission of one "file" and starting the transmission of a new "file." The transmitter must clear its compression dictionary and respond with a Reset-Ack each time it receives a Reset-Request, because it cannot know if previous Reset-Acks reached the receiver. The receiver MUST clear its compression dictionary each time it receives a Reset-Ack, because the transmitter will have cleared its compression dictionary. When the link is busy, one decompression error is usually followed by several more before the Reset-Ack can be received. It is undesirable to transmit Reset-Requests more frequently than the round-trip-time of the link, because redundant Reset-Requests cause unnecessary compression dictionary clearing. The receiver MAY transmit an additional Reset-Request each time it receives a compressed or uncompressed packet until it finally receives a Reset-Ack, but the receiver ought not transmit another Reset- Request until the Reset-Ack for the previous one is late. The receiver MUST transmit enough Reset-Request packets to ensure that the transmitter receives at least one. For example, the receiver might choose to not transmit another Reset-Request until after one second (or, of course, a Reset-Ack has been received and decompression resumed). Schryver Informational [Page 3] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 Data Expansion When significant data expansion is detected, the PPP packet MUST be sent without compression. Packets that would expand by fewer than 3 bytes SHOULD be sent without compression, but MAY be sent compressed provided the result does not exceed the MTU of the link. This makes moot standards document exegesises about exactly which bytes, such as the Protocol fields, count toward expansion. When a packet is received with PPP Protocol numbers in the range 0x0000 to 0x3FFF, (except, of course, 0xFD and 0xFB) it is assumed that the packet would have caused expansion. The packet is locally compressed to update the compression history. Sending incompressible packets in their native encapsulation avoids maximum transmission unit complications. If uncompressed packets could be larger than their native form, then it would be necessary for the upper layers of an implementation to treat the PPP link as if it had a smaller MTU, to ensure that compressed incompressible packets are never larger than the negotiated PPP MTU. Using native encapsulation for incompressible packets complicates the implementation. The transmitter and the receiver must start putting information into the compression dictionary starting with the same packets, without relying upon seeing a compressed packet for synchronization. The first few packets after clearing the dictionary are usually incompressible, and so are likely to sent in their native encapsulation, just like packets before compression is turned on. If CCP or LCP packets are handled separately from Network-Layer packets (e.g. a "daemon" for control packets and "kernel code" for data packets), care must be taken to ensure that the transmitter synchronizes clearing the dictionary with the transmission of the configure-ACK or Reset-Ack that starts compression, and the receiver must similarly ensure that its dictionary is cleared before it processes the next packet. A difficulty caused by sending data that would expand uncompressed is that the receiver must adaptively clear its dictionary at precisely the same times as the sender. In the classic BSD compression code, the dictionary clearing is signaled by the reserved code 256. Because data that would expend is sent without compression, there is no reliable way for the sender to signal explicitly when it has cleared its dictionary. This difficulty is resolved by specifying the parameters that control the dictionary clearing, and having both sender and receiver clear their dictionaries at the same times. Schryver Informational [Page 4] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 2.1. Packet Format A summary of the BSD Compress packet format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PPP Protocol | Sequence +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Data ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ PPP Protocol The PPP Protocol field is described in the Point-to-Point Protocol Encapsulation [1]. When the BSD Compress compression protocol is successfully negotiated by the PPP Compression Control Protocol [2], the value of the protocol field is 0xFD or 0xFB. This value MAY be compressed when Protocol-Field-Compression is negotiated. Sequence The sequence number is sent most significant octet first. It starts at 0 when the dictionary is cleared, and is incremented by 1 after each packet, including uncompressed packets. The sequence number after 65535 is zero. In other words, the sequence number "wraps" in the usual way. The sequence number ensures that lost or out of order packets do not cause the compression databases of the peers to become unsynchronized. When an unexpected sequence number is encountered, the dictionaries must be resynchronized with a CCP Reset-Request or Configure-Request. The packet sequence number can be checked before a compressed packet is decoded. Data The compressed PPP encapsulated packet, consisting of the Protocol and Data fields of the original, uncompressed packet follows. The Protocol field compression MUST be applied to the protocol field in the original packet before the sequence number is computed or the entire packet is compressed, regardless of whether Schryver Informational [Page 5] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 the PPP protocol field compression has been negotiated. Thus, if the original protocol number was less than 0x100, it must be compressed to a single byte. The format of the compressed data is more precisely described by the example code in the "BSD Compress Algorithm" appendix. 3. Configuration Option Format Description The CCP BSD Compress Configuration Option negotiates the use of BSD Compress on the link. By default or ultimate disagreement, no compression is used. A summary of the BSD Compress Configuration Option format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Vers| Dict | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 21 or 0x15 for BSD compress. Length 3 Vers Must be the binary number 001. Dict The size in bits of the largest code used. It can range from 9 to 16. A common choice is 12. The code included below can support code sizes from 9 to 15. It is convenient to treat the byte containing the Vers and Dict fields as a single field with legal values ranging from 0x29 to 0x30. Schryver Informational [Page 6] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 Note that the peer receiving compressed data must use the same code size as the peer sending data. It is not practical for the receiver to use a larger dictionary or code size, because both dictionaries must be cleared at the same time, even when the data is not compressible, so that uncompressed packets are being sent, and so the receiver cannot receive LZW "CLEAR" codes. When a received Configure-Request specifies a smaller dictionary than the local preference, it is often best to accept it instead of using a Configure-Nak to ask the peer to specify a larger dictionary. A. BSD Compress Algorithm This code is the core of a commercial workstation implementation. It was derived by transliterating the 4.*BSD compress command. It is unlikely to be of direct use in any system that does not have the same mixture of mbufs and STREAMS buffers. It may need to be retuned for CPU's other than RISC's with many registers and certain addressing modes. However, the code is the most accurate and unambiguous way of defining the changes to the BSD compress source required to apply it to a stream instead of a file. Note that it assumes a "short" contains 16 bits and an "int" contains at least 32 bits. Where it would matter if more than 32 bits were in an "int" or "long," __uint32_t is used instead. /* Because this code is derived from the 4.3BSD compress source: * * * Copyright (c) 1985, 1986 The Regents of the University of California. * All rights reserved. * * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by * James A. Woods, derived from original work by Spencer Thomas * and Joseph Orost. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the * distribution. * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this * software must display the following acknowledgement: Schryver Informational [Page 7] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 * This product includes software developed by the University of * California, Berkeley and its contributors. * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived * from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A * PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS * OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* ***************** */ struct bsd_db { int totlen; /* length of this structure */ u_int hsize; /* size of the hash table */ u_char hshift; /* used in hash function */ u_char n_bits; /* current bits/code */ u_char debug; u_char unit; u_short mru; u_short seqno; /* # of last byte of packet */ u_int maxmaxcode; /* largest valid code */ u_int max_ent; /* largest code in use */ u_int in_count; /* uncompressed bytes */ u_int bytes_out; /* compressed bytes */ u_int ratio; /* recent compression ratio */ u_int checkpoint; /* when to next check ratio */ int clear_count; /* times dictionary cleared */ int incomp_count; /* incompressible packets */ int decomp_count; /* packets decompressed */ int overshoot; /* excess decompression buf */ int undershoot; /* insufficient decomp. buf */ u_short *lens; /* array of lengths of codes */ struct bsd_dict { union { /* hash value */ __uint32_t fcode; struct { #ifdef BSD_LITTLE_ENDIAN Schryver Informational [Page 8] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 u_short prefix; /* preceding code */ u_char suffix; /* last character of new code */ u_char pad; #else u_char pad; u_char suffix; /* last character of new code */ u_short prefix; /* preceding code */ #endif } hs; } f; u_short codem1; /* output of hash table -1 */ u_short cptr; /* map code to hash table */ } dict[1]; }; #define BSD_OVHD (2+2) /* overhead/packet */ #define MIN_BSD_BITS 9 #define MAX_BSD_BITS 15 /* implementation limit */ #define BSD_VERS 1 /* when shifted */ #ifdef _KERNEL extern struct bsd_db *pf_bsd_init(struct bsd_db*, int, int, int); extern int pf_bsd_comp(struct bsd_db*,u_char*,int,struct mbuf*,int); extern mblk_t* pf_bsd_decomp(struct bsd_db*, mblk_t*); extern void pf_bsd_incomp(struct bsd_db*, mblk_t*, u_int); #endif /* ***************** */ /* PPP "BSD compress" compression * The differences between this compression and the classic BSD LZW * source are obvious from the requirement that the classic code worked * with files while this handles arbitrarily long streams that * are broken into packets. They are: * * When the code size expands, a block of junk is not emitted by * the compressor and not expected by the decompressor. * * New codes are not necessarily assigned every time an old * code is output by the compressor. This is because a packet * end forces a code to be emitted, but does not imply that a * new sequence has been seen. * * The compression ratio is checked at the first end of a packet * after the appropriate gap. Besides simplifying and speeding * things up, this makes it more likely that the transmitter * and receiver will agree when the dictionary is cleared when * compression is not going well. */ Schryver Informational [Page 9] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 /* * the next two codes should not be changed lightly, as they must not * lie within the contiguous general code space. */ #define CLEAR 256 /* table clear output code */ #define FIRST 257 /* first free entry */ #define LAST 255 #define BSD_INIT_BITS MIN_BSD_BITS #define MAXCODE(b) ((1 << (b)) - 1) #define BADCODEM1 MAXCODE(MAX_BSD_BITS); #define BSD_HASH(prefix,suffix,hshift) ((((__uint32_t)(suffix)) \ << (hshift)) \ ^ (__uint32_t)(prefix)) #define BSD_KEY(prefix,suffix) ((((__uint32_t)(suffix)) << 16) \ + (__uint32_t)(prefix)) #define CHECK_GAP 10000 /* Ratio check interval */ #define RATIO_SCALE_LOG 8 #define RATIO_SCALE (1<<RATIO_SCALE_LOG) #define RATIO_MAX (0x7fffffff>>RATIO_SCALE_LOG) /* clear the dictionary */ static void pf_bsd_clear(struct bsd_db *db) { db->clear_count++; db->max_ent = FIRST-1; db->n_bits = BSD_INIT_BITS; db->ratio = 0; db->bytes_out = 0; db->in_count = 0; db->incomp_count = 0; db->decomp_count = 0; db->overshoot = 0; db->undershoot = 0; db->checkpoint = CHECK_GAP; } /* If the dictionary is full, then see if it is time to reset it. * * Compute the compression ratio using fixed-point arithmetic * with 8 fractional bits. Schryver Informational [Page 10] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 * * Since we have an infinite stream instead of a single file, * watch only the local compression ratio. * * Since both peers must reset the dictionary at the same time even in * the absence of CLEAR codes (while packets are incompressible), they * must compute the same ratio. */ static int /* 1=output CLEAR */ pf_bsd_check(struct bsd_db *db) { register u_int new_ratio; if (db->in_count >= db->checkpoint) { /* age the ratio by limiting the size of the counts */ if (db->in_count >= RATIO_MAX || db->bytes_out >= RATIO_MAX) { db->in_count -= db->in_count/4; db->bytes_out -= db->bytes_out/4; } db->checkpoint = db->in_count + CHECK_GAP; if (db->max_ent >= db->maxmaxcode) { /* Reset the dictionary only if the ratio is * worse, or if it looks as if it has been * poisoned by incompressible data. * * This does not overflow, because * db->in_count <= RATIO_MAX. */ new_ratio = db->in_count<<RATIO_SCALE_LOG; if (db->bytes_out != 0) new_ratio /= db->bytes_out; if (new_ratio < db->ratio || new_ratio < 1*RATIO_SCALE) { pf_bsd_clear(db); return 1; } db->ratio = new_ratio; } } return 0; } /* Initialize the database. Schryver Informational [Page 11] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 */ struct bsd_db * pf_bsd_init(struct bsd_db *db, /* initialize this database */ int unit, /* for debugging */ int bits, /* size of LZW code word */ int mru) /* MRU for input, 0 for output*/ { register int i; register u_short *lens; register u_int newlen, hsize, hshift, maxmaxcode; switch (bits) { case 9: /* needs 82152 for both comp &*/ case 10: /* needs 84144 decomp*/ case 11: /* needs 88240 */ case 12: /* needs 96432 */ hsize = 5003; hshift = 4; break; case 13: /* needs 176784 */ hsize = 9001; hshift = 5; break; case 14: /* needs 353744 */ hsize = 18013; hshift = 6; break; case 15: /* needs 691440 */ hsize = 35023; hshift = 7; break; case 16: /* needs 1366160--far too much*/ /* hsize = 69001; */ /* and 69001 is too big for */ /* hshift = 8; */ /* cptr in struct bsd_db */ /* break; */ default: if (db) { if (db->lens) kern_free(db->lens); kern_free(db); } return 0; } maxmaxcode = MAXCODE(bits); newlen = sizeof(*db) + (hsize-1)*(sizeof(db->dict[0])); if (db) { lens = db->lens; Schryver Informational [Page 12] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 if (db->totlen != newlen) { if (lens) kern_free(lens); kern_free(db); db = 0; } } if (!db) { db = (struct bsd_db*)kern_malloc(newlen); if (!db) return 0; if (mru == 0) { lens = 0; } else { lens = (u_short*)kern_malloc((maxmaxcode+1) * sizeof(*lens)); if (!lens) { kern_free(db); return 0; } i = LAST+1; while (i != 0) lens[--i] = 1; } i = hsize; while (i != 0) { db->dict[--i].codem1 = BADCODEM1; db->dict[i].cptr = 0; } } bzero(db,sizeof(*db)-sizeof(db->dict)); db->lens = lens; db->unit = unit; db->mru = mru; db->hsize = hsize; db->hshift = hshift; db->maxmaxcode = maxmaxcode; db->clear_count = -1; pf_bsd_clear(db); return db; } /* compress a packet * Assume the protocol is known to be >= 0x21 and < 0xff. Schryver Informational [Page 13] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 * One change from the BSD compress command is that when the * code size expands, we do not output a bunch of padding. */ int /* new slen */ pf_bsd_comp(struct bsd_db *db, u_char *cp_buf, /* compress into here */ int proto, /* this original PPP protocol */ struct mbuf *m, /* from here */ int slen) { register int hshift = db->hshift; register u_int max_ent = db->max_ent; register u_int n_bits = db->n_bits; register u_int bitno = 32; register __uint32_t accum = 0; register struct bsd_dict *dictp; register __uint32_t fcode; register u_char c; register int hval, disp, ent; register u_char *rptr, *wptr; struct mbuf *n; #define OUTPUT(ent) { \ bitno -= n_bits; \ accum |= ((ent) << bitno); \ do { \ *wptr++ = accum>>24; \ accum <<= 8; \ bitno += 8; \ } while (bitno <= 24); \ } /* start with the protocol byte */ ent = proto; db->in_count++; /* install sequence number */ cp_buf[0] = db->seqno>>8; cp_buf[1] = db->seqno; db->seqno++; wptr = &cp_buf[2]; slen = m->m_len; db->in_count += slen; rptr = mtod(m, u_char*); n = m->m_next; for (;;) { Schryver Informational [Page 14] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 if (slen == 0) { if (!n) break; slen = n->m_len; rptr = mtod(n, u_char*); n = n->m_next; if (!slen) continue; /* handle 0-length buffers*/ db->in_count += slen; } slen--; c = *rptr++; fcode = BSD_KEY(ent,c); hval = BSD_HASH(ent,c,hshift); dictp = &db->dict[hval]; /* Validate and then check the entry. */ if (dictp->codem1 >= max_ent) goto nomatch; if (dictp->f.fcode == fcode) { ent = dictp->codem1+1; continue; /* found (prefix,suffix) */ } /* continue probing until a match or invalid entry */ disp = (hval == 0) ? 1 : hval; do { hval += disp; if (hval >= db->hsize) hval -= db->hsize; dictp = &db->dict[hval]; if (dictp->codem1 >= max_ent) goto nomatch; } while (dictp->f.fcode != fcode); ent = dictp->codem1+1; /* found (prefix,suffix) */ continue; nomatch: OUTPUT(ent); /* output the prefix */ /* code -> hashtable */ if (max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) { struct bsd_dict *dictp2; /* expand code size if needed */ if (max_ent >= MAXCODE(n_bits)) db->n_bits = ++n_bits; Schryver Informational [Page 15] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 /* Invalidate old hash table entry using * this code, and then take it over. */ dictp2 = &db->dict[max_ent+1]; if (db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1 == max_ent) db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1=BADCODEM1; dictp2->cptr = hval; dictp->codem1 = max_ent; dictp->f.fcode = fcode; db->max_ent = ++max_ent; } ent = c; } OUTPUT(ent); /* output the last code */ db->bytes_out += (wptr-&cp_buf[2] /* count complete bytes */ + (32-bitno+7)/8); if (pf_bsd_check(db)) OUTPUT(CLEAR); /* do not count the CLEAR */ /* Pad dribble bits of last code with ones. * Do not emit a completely useless byte of ones. */ if (bitno != 32) *wptr++ = (accum | (0xff << (bitno-8))) >> 24; /* Increase code size if we would have without the packet * boundary and as the decompressor will. */ if (max_ent >= MAXCODE(n_bits) && max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) db->n_bits++; return (wptr - cp_buf); #undef OUTPUT } /* Update the "BSD Compress" dictionary on the receiver for * incompressible data by pretending to compress the incoming data. */ void pf_bsd_incomp(struct bsd_db *db, mblk_t *dmsg, u_int ent) /* start with protocol byte */ { Schryver Informational [Page 16] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 register u_int hshift = db->hshift; register u_int max_ent = db->max_ent; register u_int n_bits = db->n_bits; register struct bsd_dict *dictp; register __uint32_t fcode; register u_char c; register int hval, disp; register int slen; register u_int bitno = 7; register u_char *rptr; db->incomp_count++; db->in_count++; /* count protocol as 1 byte */ db->seqno++; rptr = dmsg->b_rptr+PPP_BUF_HEAD_INFO; for (;;) { slen = dmsg->b_wptr - rptr; if (slen == 0) { dmsg = dmsg->b_cont; if (!dmsg) break; rptr = dmsg->b_rptr; continue; /* skip zero-length buffers */ } db->in_count += slen; do { c = *rptr++; fcode = BSD_KEY(ent,c); hval = BSD_HASH(ent,c,hshift); dictp = &db->dict[hval]; /* validate and then check the entry */ if (dictp->codem1 >= max_ent) goto nomatch; if (dictp->f.fcode == fcode) { ent = dictp->codem1+1; continue; /* found (prefix,suffix) */ } /* continue until match or invalid entry */ disp = (hval == 0) ? 1 : hval; do { hval += disp; if (hval >= db->hsize) hval -= db->hsize; dictp = &db->dict[hval]; Schryver Informational [Page 17] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 if (dictp->codem1 >= max_ent) goto nomatch; } while (dictp->f.fcode != fcode); ent = dictp->codem1+1; continue; /* found (prefix,suffix) */ nomatch: /* output (count) the prefix */ bitno += n_bits; /* code -> hashtable */ if (max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) { struct bsd_dict *dictp2; /* expand code size if needed */ if (max_ent >= MAXCODE(n_bits)) db->n_bits = ++n_bits; /* Invalidate previous hash table entry * assigned this code, and then take it over */ dictp2 = &db->dict[max_ent+1]; if (db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1==max_ent) db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1=BADCODEM1; dictp2->cptr = hval; dictp->codem1 = max_ent; dictp->f.fcode = fcode; db->max_ent = ++max_ent; db->lens[max_ent] = db->lens[ent]+1; } ent = c; } while (--slen != 0); } bitno += n_bits; /* output (count) last code */ db->bytes_out += bitno/8; (void)pf_bsd_check(db); /* Increase code size if we would have without the packet * boundary and as the decompressor will. */ if (max_ent >= MAXCODE(n_bits) && max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) db->n_bits++; } /* Decompress "BSD Compress" */ mblk_t* /* 0=failed, so zap CCP */ Schryver Informational [Page 18] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 pf_bsd_decomp(struct bsd_db *db, mblk_t *cmsg) { register u_int max_ent = db->max_ent; register __uint32_t accum = 0; register u_int bitno = 32; /* 1st valid bit in accum */ register u_int n_bits = db->n_bits; register u_int tgtbitno = 32-n_bits; /* bitno when accum full */ register struct bsd_dict *dictp; register int explen, i; register u_int incode, oldcode, finchar; register u_char *p, *rptr, *rptr9, *wptr0, *wptr; mblk_t *dmsg, *dmsg1, *bp; db->decomp_count++; rptr = cmsg->b_rptr; ASSERT(cmsg->b_wptr >= rptr+PPP_BUF_MIN); ASSERT(PPP_BUF_ALIGN(rptr)); rptr += PPP_BUF_MIN; /* get the sequence number */ i = 0; explen = 2; do { while (rptr >= cmsg->b_wptr) { bp = cmsg; cmsg = cmsg->b_cont; freeb(bp); if (!cmsg) { if (db->debug) printf("bsd_decomp%d: missing" " %d header bytes\n", db->unit, explen); return 0; } rptr = cmsg->b_rptr; } i = (i << 8) + *rptr++; } while (--explen != 0); if (i != db->seqno++) { freemsg(cmsg); if (db->debug) printf("bsd_decomp%d: bad sequence number 0x%x" " instead of 0x%x\n", db->unit, i, db->seqno-1); return 0; } Schryver Informational [Page 19] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 /* Guess how much memory we will need. Assume this packet was * compressed by at least 1.5X regardless of the recent ratio. */ if (db->ratio > (RATIO_SCALE*3)/2) explen = (msgdsize(cmsg)*db->ratio)/RATIO_SCALE; else explen = (msgdsize(cmsg)*3)/2; if (explen > db->mru) explen = db->mru; dmsg = dmsg1 = allocb(explen+PPP_BUF_HEAD_INFO, BPRI_HI); if (!dmsg1) { freemsg(cmsg); return 0; } wptr = dmsg1->b_wptr; ((struct ppp_buf*)wptr)->type = BEEP_FRAME; /* the protocol field must be compressed */ ((struct ppp_buf*)wptr)->proto = 0; wptr += PPP_BUF_HEAD_PROTO+1; rptr9 = cmsg->b_wptr; db->bytes_out += rptr9-rptr; wptr0 = wptr; explen = dmsg1->b_datap->db_lim - wptr; oldcode = CLEAR; for (;;) { if (rptr >= rptr9) { bp = cmsg; cmsg = cmsg->b_cont; freeb(bp); if (!cmsg) /* quit at end of message */ break; rptr = cmsg->b_rptr; rptr9 = cmsg->b_wptr; db->bytes_out += rptr9-rptr; continue; /* handle 0-length buffers */ } /* Accumulate bytes until we have a complete code. * Then get the next code, relying on the 32-bit, * unsigned accum to mask the result. */ bitno -= 8; accum |= *rptr++ << bitno; if (tgtbitno < bitno) Schryver Informational [Page 20] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 continue; incode = accum >> tgtbitno; accum <<= n_bits; bitno += n_bits; if (incode == CLEAR) { /* The dictionary must only be cleared at * the end of a packet. But there could be an * empty message block at the end. */ if (rptr != rptr9 || cmsg->b_cont != 0) { cmsg->b_rptr = rptr; i = msgdsize(cmsg); if (i != 0) { freemsg(dmsg); freemsg(cmsg); if (db->debug) printf("bsd_decomp%d: " "bad CLEAR\n", db->unit); return 0; } } pf_bsd_clear(db); freemsg(cmsg); wptr0 = wptr; break; } /* Special case for KwKwK string. */ if (incode > max_ent) { if (incode > max_ent+2 || incode > db->maxmaxcode || oldcode == CLEAR) { freemsg(dmsg); freemsg(cmsg); if (db->debug) printf("bsd_decomp%d: bad code %x\n", db->unit, incode); return 0; } i = db->lens[oldcode]; /* do not write past end of buf */ explen -= i+1; if (explen < 0) { db->undershoot -= explen; db->in_count += wptr-wptr0; Schryver Informational [Page 21] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 dmsg1->b_wptr = wptr; CK_WPTR(dmsg1); explen = MAX(64,i+1); bp = allocb(explen, BPRI_HI); if (!bp) { freemsg(cmsg); freemsg(dmsg); return 0; } dmsg1->b_cont = bp; dmsg1 = bp; wptr0 = wptr = dmsg1->b_wptr; explen=dmsg1->b_datap->db_lim-wptr-(i+1); } p = (wptr += i); *wptr++ = finchar; finchar = oldcode; } else { i = db->lens[finchar = incode]; explen -= i; if (explen < 0) { db->undershoot -= explen; db->in_count += wptr-wptr0; dmsg1->b_wptr = wptr; CK_WPTR(dmsg1); explen = MAX(64,i); bp = allocb(explen, BPRI_HI); if (!bp) { freemsg(dmsg); freemsg(cmsg); return 0; } dmsg1->b_cont = bp; dmsg1 = bp; wptr0 = wptr = dmsg1->b_wptr; explen = dmsg1->b_datap->db_lim-wptr-i; } p = (wptr += i); } /* decode code and install in decompressed buffer */ while (finchar > LAST) { dictp = &db->dict[db->dict[finchar].cptr]; *--p = dictp->f.hs.suffix; finchar = dictp->f.hs.prefix; } *--p = finchar; Schryver Informational [Page 22] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 /* If not first code in a packet, and * if not out of code space, then allocate a new code. * * Keep the hash table correct so it can be used * with uncompressed packets. */ if (oldcode != CLEAR && max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) { struct bsd_dict *dictp2; __uint32_t fcode; int hval, disp; fcode = BSD_KEY(oldcode,finchar); hval = BSD_HASH(oldcode,finchar,db->hshift); dictp = &db->dict[hval]; /* look for a free hash table entry */ if (dictp->codem1 < max_ent) { disp = (hval == 0) ? 1 : hval; do { hval += disp; if (hval >= db->hsize) hval -= db->hsize; dictp = &db->dict[hval]; } while (dictp->codem1 < max_ent); } /* Invalidate previous hash table entry * assigned this code, and then take it over */ dictp2 = &db->dict[max_ent+1]; if (db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1 == max_ent) { db->dict[dictp2->cptr].codem1=BADCODEM1; } dictp2->cptr = hval; dictp->codem1 = max_ent; dictp->f.fcode = fcode; db->max_ent = ++max_ent; db->lens[max_ent] = db->lens[oldcode]+1; /* Expand code size if needed. */ if (max_ent >= MAXCODE(n_bits) && max_ent < db->maxmaxcode) { db->n_bits = ++n_bits; tgtbitno = 32-n_bits; } } Schryver Informational [Page 23] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 oldcode = incode; } db->in_count += wptr-wptr0; dmsg1->b_wptr = wptr; CK_WPTR(dmsg1); db->overshoot += explen; /* Keep the checkpoint right so that incompressible packets * clear the dictionary at the right times. */ if (pf_bsd_check(db) && db->debug) { printf("bsd_decomp%d: peer should have " "cleared dictionary\n", db->unit); } return dmsg; } Security Considerations Security issues are not discussed in this memo. References [1] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994. [2] Rand, D., "The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)", RFC 1962, June 1996. [3] Simpson, W., "PPP LCP Extensions", RFC 1570, January 1994. [4] Simpson, W., "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", STD 51, RFC 1662, July 1994. Acknowledgments William Simpson provided and supported the very valuable idea of not using any additional header bytes for incompressible packets. Schryver Informational [Page 24] RFC 1977 PPP BSD Compress August 1996 Chair's Address The working group can be contacted via the current chair: Karl Fox Ascend Communications 3518 Riverside Drive, Suite 101 Columbus, Ohio 43221 EMail: karl@ascend.com Author's Address Questions about this memo can also be directed to: Vernon Schryver 2482 Lee Hill Drive Boulder, Colorado 80302 EMail: vjs@rhyolite.com Schryver Informational [Page 25]