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- Network Working Group R. Hinden
- Request for Comments: 1955 Ipsilon Networks, Inc.
- Category: Informational June 1996
-
-
- New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG
-
- Status of This Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document was submitted to the IETF IPng area in response to RFC
- 1550. Publication of this document does not imply acceptance by the
- IPng area of any ideas expressed within. Comments should be
- submitted to the big-internet@munnari.oz.au mailing list.
-
- This memo describes a proposal made to to the Routing and Addressing
- group [ROAD] January 1992 by Robert Hinden. It was originally sent
- as an email message. It proposes a medium term solution to the
- Internet's routing and addressing problems.
-
- INTRODUCTION
-
- I would like to propose a new scheme which I believe is a good medium
- term solution to the routing and address problems of the internet.
- It has the following positive attributes:
-
- - No Changes to Hosts
- - No Changes to Most Routers
- - No New Routing Protocols
- - No New Internet Protocols
- - No Translation of Addresses in Packets
- - Reduces the Routing Table Size in All Routers
- - Uses the Current Internet Address Structure
-
- It is not a solution good for all time, because it does impose some
- size limits and does not support new internet services such as
- guaranteed bandwidth, delay, etc. It does require border routers to
- do additional processing, but does not require any packet
- translation. I believe that this scheme will give us enough time to
- put into place a long term solution (i.e. pick one or more of CLNP,
- *NAT, IDPR, IDRP, Nimrod, Unified, NewIP, etc.)
-
-
-
-
-
- Hinden Informational [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1955 IP Encaps June 1996
-
-
- This scheme is based on the ideas presented by Deborah Estrin (route
- on ADs), Martha Steenstrup (encapsulation), and probably steals from
- ideas put forward by Noel Chiappa, Van Jacobson , Ross Callon, Dave
- Oran, and everyone else in the ROAD group.
-
- CONTEXT
-
- I think that we (the ROAD group) agree that in the short term we need
- to make better use of the IP address space. I think we also (mostly)
- agree that in the long term we need a solution that can deal with a
- very large number of end points and routes, as well as support new
- services such as guarantees of service, source selected routes, etc.
- We do not agree on any of the details of this but do agree that we
- can not figure out a long term solution before March. We do agree
- that we should start working on a long term solution(s).
-
- What this leaves is the need for a good medium term solution which
- can keep the Internet going until we can design and deploy a long
- term solution. The medium term solution wants to be the most "cost
- effective". It should buy us the most time to develop a long term
- solution and do it with as little change to the existing Internet as
- possible.
-
- I propose this scheme as a new medium term solution.
-
- NEW SCHEME
-
- The basic idea is that inter-domain routing be done by routing on
- autonomous domains (AD). The key is how this is done. The mechanism
- to do this is for the border routers to encapsulate the original IP
- datagrams with another IP header. The source and destination
- addresses in the new header (I will call it the AD-Header from here
- on) represent the source and destination ADs.
-
- When the first (entrance) border router receives a datagram from a
- host or router without an AD-Header it looks at the source and
- destination address and does a DNS lookup to get the addresses for
- the AD-Header. It then adds an AD-Header and forwards the
- encapsulated datagram to its proper destination AD.
-
- The border routers would compute AD routes by running a routing
- protocol between themselves. BGP or even IS-IS or OSPF for that
- matter, would work fine. As you will see later, they might even be
- better.
-
- The addresses I propose to use for the AD addresses are plain old IP
- addresses. A small number of Class A and Class B addresses would be
- reserved for this purpose. The network number of the address would
-
-
-
- Hinden Informational [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1955 IP Encaps June 1996
-
-
- indicate that it was an AD identifier. The local part of the address
- would indicate the actual AD. This would allow for many ADs to be
- supported. For example, 10 Class-A and 10 Class-B addresses could
- accommodate (10*2^24 + 10*2^16) 168,427,500 ADs. We clearly don't
- need that many for a long time.
-
- The reason why I would chose to get more than one network number to
- use to represent the AD address is I would use them to organize the
- ADs. Let's call them commonwealths. Each commonwealth would only
- have to know the detail of it's own ADs.
-
- Next I would have the border routers inject these AD addresses into
- the Intra-AD routing of transit ADs. They would tell the routers
- inside of the transit AD that they (the border routers) were the
- route to each appropriate AD network. Commonwealths that have
- multiple interconnects (probably the common case) could by the use of
- careful assignment of the AD addresses use subnetting to support
- reasonable routing between the commonwealths. This is where OSPF or
- IS-IS might be better than BGP. Also, IS-IS, with its ability to
- route on actual end points might be the best.
-
- The motivation behind injecting the AD addresses into the Intra-AD
- routing of the transit ADs, is that the routers in these ADs can
- forward the AD-Headers without knowing that they are special. Only
- the entrance and exit border routers are required to do anything
- different.
-
- Finally when a AD-Header is received at the last (exit) border router
- it strips off the AD-Header and sends the datagram to the final
- destination.
-
- This scheme is based around the idea that IP addresses are globally
- unique. I think that we will not actually run out of IP addresses
- for a long time and that we can live with the current addressing
- until we can deploy a long term solution.
-
- This scheme could be extended to not require globally unique IP
- address. Effectively the combination of AD-Address and IP-Address is
- the globally unique address. To use this scheme without globally
- unique IP-Addresses and without changing in the hosts would require a
- NAT mechanism in the border routers. I think it would be preferable
- to change the hosts to have them do the DNS query and add the AD-
- header. This could be the basis for the long term solution.
-
- Another interesting aspect of this scheme is that if we were to relax
- the current architecture where one IP-Address is always in only one
- AD, to allow an IP-Address to be in more than one AD, it would
- provide a solution to the issue of allowing a IP entity to get
-
-
-
- Hinden Informational [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1955 IP Encaps June 1996
-
-
- service from more than one service provider.
-
- SUMMARY OF CHANGES REQUIRED
-
- The DNS needs to be extended to add an AD-Address entry for each
- name. These will be used by the entry and exit border routers to get
- the AD-Addresses to use when building the AD-Headers.
-
- Border routers need to be extended to do the DNS lookup, perform AD-
- Header encapsulation, run an inter-AD routing algorithm using AD-
- Addresses, and be able to AD-Header de-encapsulation.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- I believe that this scheme has may advantages. These are:
-
- - Only border routers and the DNS need change. No changes are
- required in hosts or non-border routers.
-
- - No performance impact on datagram forwarding except at entry
- and exit border routers.
-
- - Only a small impact on bandwidth utilization on transit
- networks due the addition of a 20 byte IP header to each
- datagram.
-
- - Removes the Inter-AD routing from Intra-AD routing and as a
- result solves the routing load (table size and computation)
- problem for the foreseeable future.
-
- - The routing load on the border routers is manageable because
- border routers only need to know the detail of the routing
- commonwealth they are a member of. Other commonwealths appear
- as single addresses.
-
- - No requirement for new routing protocols to be designed or
- deployed.
-
- - No translation of packets from one address scheme to another.
-
- - Uses the current IP addressing structure.
-
- - It scales well even if there is on the order of one AD per IP
- network, because the AD-Addresses can be assigned logically.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Hinden Informational [Page 4]
-
- RFC 1955 IP Encaps June 1996
-
-
- It does have some disadvantages. These are (at least):
-
- - It is not a long term solution in its initial form.
-
- - It assumes that the current IP-Addresses can remain globally
- unique for a long time.
-
- REFERENCES
-
- [ROAD] Gross, P., and P. Almquist, "IESG Deliberations on Routing
- and Addressing", RFC 1380, ANS, Stanford University,
- November 1992.
-
- SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- AUTHOR'S ADDRESS
-
- Robert M. Hinden
- Ipsilon Networks, Inc.
- 2191 East Bayshore Road
- Suite 100
- Palo Alto, CA 94303
- USA
-
- EMail: hinden@ipsilon.com
- Phone: +1 (415) 846-4604
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- Hinden Informational [Page 5]
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