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- Unauthorised Access UK 0636-708063
-
- Jester Sluggo presents
- an insight on
- Wide-Area Networks
- Part 1
-
- Part 1 contains information on ARPANET and CSNET.
- Part 2 contains information on BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET.
- It is best if you read both files to better understand each other.
-
- These files will cover general information on wide-area networks, (I.E.
- ARPANET, CSNET, BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET), but may contain information
- in relationship with other networks not emphasized in these files. These files
- are NOT a hacker's tutorial/guide on these systems.
-
- ARPANET
- ~~~~~~~
- ARPANET. The ARPANET, which is a major component of the NSFnet [National
- Science Foundation Network], began in 1969 as an R&D project managed by DARPA
- [Dept. of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]. ARPANET was an experiment
- in resource sharing, and provided survivable (multiply connected), high
- bandwidth (56 Kilobits per second) communications links between major existing
- computational resources and computer users in academic, industrial, and
- government research laboratories. ARPANET is managed and funded by by the DCA
- [Defense Communications Agency] with user services provided by a network
- information center at SRI International.
- ARPANET served as a test for the development of advanced network protocols
- including the TCP-IP protocol suite introduced in 1981. TCP-IP and
- particularly IP, the internet protocol, introduced the idea of inter-
- networking -- allowing networks of different technologies and connection
- protocols to be linked together while providing a unified internetwork
- addressing scheme and a common set of transport of application protocols. This
- development allowed networks of computers and workstations to be connected to
- the ARPANET, rather than just single-host computers. TCP-IP remain the most
- available and advanced, non-vendor-specific, networking protocols and have
- strongly influenced the current international standards of activity. TCP-IP
- provide a variety of application services, including remote logon (Telnet),
- file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP and RFC822).
- ARPANET technology was so successful that in 1982, the Dept. of Defense
- (DOD) abandoned their AUTODIN II network project and adopted ARPANET technology
- for the Dept. of Defense Data Network (DDN). The current MILNET, which was
- split form the original ARPANET in 1983, is the operational, unclassified
- network component of the DDN, while ARPANET remains an advanced network R&D
- tested for DARPA. In practice, ARPANET has also been an operational network
- supporting DOD, DOE [Dept. of Energy], and some NSF-sponsored computer science
- researchers. This community has come to depend on the availability of the
- network. Until the advent of NSFnet, access to ARPANET was restricted to this
- community.
- As an operational network in the scientific and engineering research
- community, and with the increasing availability of affordable super-
- minicomputers, ARPANET was used less as a tool for sharing remote computational
- resources than it was for sharing information. The major lesson from the
- ARPANET experience is that information sharing is a key benefit of computer
- networking. Indeed it may be argued that many major advances in computer
- systems and artificial intelligence are the direct result of the enhanced
- collaboration made possible by ARPANET.
- However, ARPANET also had the negative effect of creating a have--have not
- situation in experimental computer research. Scientists and engineers carrying
- out such research at institutions other than the twenty or so ARPANET sites
- were at a clear disadvantage in accessing pertinent technical information and
- in attracting faculty and students.
- In October 1985, NSF and DARPA, with DOD support, signed a memorandum of
- agreement to expand the ARPANET to allow NSF supercomputer users to use ARPANET
- to access the NSF supercomputer centers and to communicate with each other.
- The immediate effect of this agreement was to allow all NSF supercomputer users
- on campuses with an existing ARPANET connection to use ARPANET. In addition,
- the NSF supercomputer resource centers at the University of Illinois and
- Cornell University are connected to ARPANET. In general, the existing ARPANET
- connections are in departments of computer science or electrical engineering
- and are not readily accessible by other researchers. However, DARPA has
- requested that the campus ARPANET coordinators facilitate access by relevant
- NSF researchers.
- As part of the NSFnet initiative, a number of universities have requested
- connection to ARPANET. Each of these campuses has undertaken to establish a
- campus network gateway accessible to all due course, be able to use the ARPANET
- to access the NSF supercomputer centers, from within their own local computing
- environment. Additional requests for connection to the ARPANET are being
- considered by NSF.
-
- CSNET
- ~~~~~
- CSNET. Establishment of a network for computer science research was first
- suggested in 1974, by the NSF advisory committee for computer science. The
- objective of the network would be to support collaboration among researchers,
- provide research sharing, and, in particular, support isolated researchers in
- the smaller universities.
- In the spring of 1980, CSNET [Computer Science Network], was defined and
- proposed to NSF as a logical network made up of several physical networks of
- various power, performance, and cost. NSF responded with a five year contract
- for development of the network under the condition that CSNET was to be
- financially self-supporting by 1986. Initially CSNET was a network with five
- major components -- ARPANET, Phonenet (a telephone based message relaying
- service), X25Net (suppose for the TCP-IP Protocol suite over X.25-based public
- data networks), a public host (a centralized mail service), and a name server
- (an online database of CSNET users to support transparent mail services). The
- common service provided across all these networks is electronic mail, which is
- integrated at a special service host, which acts as an electronic mail relay
- between the component networks. Thus CSNET users can send electronic mail to
- all ARPANET users and vice-versa. CSNET, with DARPA support, installed
- ARPANET connections at the CSNET development sites at the universities of
- Delaware and Wisconsin and Purdue University.
- In 1981, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) contracted to provide technical
- and user services and to operate the CSNET Coordination and Information Center.
- In 1983, general management of CSNET was assumed by UCAR [the Univ. Corporation
- for Atmospheric Research], with a subcontract to BBN. Since then, CSNET has
- grown rapidly and is currently an independent, financially stable, and
- professionally managed service to the computer research community. However,
- the momentum created by CSNET's initial success caused the broad community
- support it now enjoys. More than 165 university, industrial, and government
- computer research groups now belong to CSNET.
- A number of lessons may be learned from the CSNET experience.
- 1) The network is now financially self-sufficient, showing that a research is
- willing to pay for the benefits of a networking service. (Users pay usage
- charges plus membership fees ranging from $2000 for small computer science
- departments to $30,000 for the larger industrial members.)
- 2) While considerable benefits are available to researchers from simple
- electronic mail and mailing list services -- the Phonenet service -- most
- researchers want the much higher level of performance and service provided by
- the ARPANET.
- 3) Providing a customer support and information service is crucial to the
- success of a network, even (or perhaps especially) when the users are themselves sophisticated computer science professionals. Lessons from the
- CSNET experience will provide valuable input to the design, implementation,
- provision of user services, and operation and management of NSFnet, and, in
- particular, to the development of the appropriate funding model for NSFnet.
- CSNET, with support from the NSFnet program, is now developing the CYPRESS
- project which is examining ways in which the level of CSNET service may be
- improved, at low cost, to research departments. CYPRESS will use the DARPA
- protocol suite and provide ARPANET-like service on low-speed 9600-bit-per-
- second leased line telephone links. The network will use a nearest neighbor
- topology, modeled on BITNET, while providing a higher level of service to users
- and a higher level of interoperability with the ARPANET. The CYPRESS project is
- designed to replace or supplement CSNET use of the X.25 public networks, which
- has proved excessively expensive. This approach may also be used to provide a
- low-cost connection to NSFnet for smaller campuses.
-
- /
- \
- / luggo !!
-
- Please give full credit for references to the following:
- Dennis M. Jennings, Lawrence H. Landweber, Ira H. Fuchs, David J. Faber, and W.
- Richards Adrion.
-
- Any questions, comments or Sluggestions can be emailed to me at Metal Shop,
- or sent via snailmail to the following address until 12-31-1986:
-
- J. Sluggo
- P.O. Box 93
- East Grand Forks, MN 56721
-
- Downloaded From P-80 Systems 304-744-2253
-