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- RECEIVER HUNTING USING THE 'I.F.' PRINCIPLE
-
- By Nigel Ballard
- 28 Maxwell Road, Winton, Bournemouth,
- Dorset, BH9 1DL, England.
- 5 August 1990
-
- Firstly, what is an 'I.F.'? Well, incoming signals to any modern radio
- are mixed with a fixed internal signal , these are produced by a circuit
- known as a local oscillator. Your incoming signal mixes with the fixed
- internal signal and produces an Intermediate Frequency, or I.F.
-
- The I.F. frequency always operates above or below the incoming
- frequency. If the incoming occurred at the exact same frequency as your
- receivers I.F., then your receiver would find this an impossible signal
- to detect. As an example, many cheaper receivers have the all important
- first I.F. at 10.7MHz, if you had a bug operating in your room on that
- exact frequency, then your average receiver would not aware of it's
- existence. This is not a BIRDIE in the classical sense, more a
- non-usable frequency. A normal Birdie is simply a dead channel caused by
- internally generated noise in the rf circuits. This 10.7MHz frequency is
- not blanked by internal noise, but simply dead because it falls on the
- same frequency that the I.F. operates on.
-
- The I.F. frequency is thus generated, not by adding them together, but
- by taking one from the other. The resultant freq is known as the first
- I.F. frequency. Dependent on the radio type, and where in the spectrum
- you are monitoring, the Local Oscillator may be operating above or below
- the received signal. Although we need to know the frequency of the
- radio's first I.F., it is the Local Oscillator's output we are
- interested in.
-
- I'M RECEIVING, BUT I'M ALSO TRANSMITTING....SAY WHAT! You don't have to
- have vast experience of TEMPEST and the like, to know that any piece of
- equipment that is turned on and uses crystal controlled or ceramically
- resonated circuits, generates spurious output. Put an antenna on to this
- piece of supposedly dormant equipment, and you now have unwanted
- radiations, in effect when your radio or scanner is switched on and
- connected to an antenna, you are constantly transmitting a signal, small
- it may be, but it is there! And if an amateur like me can receive them
- at up to 50 feet, then how far can the pro's get! 'BULLSHIT' you say!
-
- OKAY DISBELIEVERS
- If I shoot the breeze in general terms for a while, just to convince you
- that your Bearcat (example) scanner sat in your bedroom listening on one
- specific frequency, COULD be a dead giveaway to the authorities.
-
- THE MILITARY
- You don't need to convince the forces of both east and west that this
- principle of detection works, they have been using it and trying to
- defeat it in their own radio's for years and years.
-
- EXAMPLE TIME
- In the UK, all handhelds used by the Police walking the beat are between
- 451.00 and 453.00MHz NFM, no ifs or buts, that's the band limits that
- they all operate in (London is excluded from this). Suppose you knew
- that the first I.F. of the latest Motorola radio's they used were 24MHz.
- Now suppose you came across an officer who just refused to key his radio
- up so that you could scan the 451 to 453 area with your scanner. Not
- daunted by this, you set your scanner to scan 24MHz below this band,
- i.e. 427.00 to 429.00MHz. Getting as close to your target as possible
- with a reasonable scanner using an external antenna tuned to this band,
- you proceed to tune over his L.O. output. If his radio is switched on,
- and he is NOT currently transmitting, as soon as you tune over his L.O.
- your scanner will stop on a weak but constant low tone. If your target
- then transmits the tone will disappear, as the L.O. can only be picked
- up in receive. Make a note of the L.O., say it was 428.500, add the
- original I.F. shift of 24MHz and hey presto you now have the EXACT
- frequency he is sat on. I make it 452.500. It is now a simple case of
- sitting on that spot until he decides to talk.
-
- STILL UNCONVINCED?
- Well get a friend with a h/held to let you try it out.
-