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1979-12-31
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6
12
Allegory
You should know by now that 'Animal Farm' is an allegory. That
is the characters and events in the book all stand for
something else.
In fact we can clearly see three levels of meaning in the
novel.
1. Literal
A kind of fairy story or fable about animals.
2. Historical
A criticism of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath.
3. General
A more general criticism of the betrayal of political ideals.
12
Satire
To satirise something is to ridicule something by mocking or
making fun of it.
Orwell uses this method to criticise what he saw as the failure
of Communism in Russia.
The satire in 'Animal Farm' is very obvious because real
historical figures such as Stalin are portrayed as animals
(most of them in an uncomplimentary way).
For many years 'Animal Farm' was banned in Russia because the
authorities there were so sensitive about its satirical
content.
14
Language
As we can tell from the novel Orwell was against the use of
language which was meaningless or which was used to confuse or
deceive others.
In fact he made it clear in his other works that he believed
writing should be kept as simple as possible.
This is certainly true of 'Animal Farm' which may even be read
by young children. Throughout the language is appropriate to
the idea that the book is a kind of fairy story.
The presentation of the story as a kind of fable also demands
simple language.
It is also worth noting that Orwell is critical of the wordy
language or jargon used by Snowball and Squealer in the novel.
13
Irony
Irony is hard to define precisely and there are different types
of irony.
A general definition is that irony exists when the readers are
aware of something which the characters are not aware of.
For example there is strong irony when Boxer looks to Napoleon
for permission to release the dog which has attacked him in
Chapter Seven.
We readers realise what Boxer does not; that it was Napoleon
who had ordered the dogs to attack him in the first place.
Orwell uses irony many times in the novel. More examples follow
on the next page.
14
Irony (cont.)
Other example of irony include:
Ch. 2 - The pigs 'attend to' the problem of what to do with the
milk.
Ch. 8 - Squealer is found lying beside the ladder.
Ch. 9 - The pigs acquire another crate of whisky.
Ch. 9 - Boxer is sent to the knacker's yard
Ch. 10 - The pigs become human - like those they originally
rebelled against.
14
Humour
There is much humour in 'Animal Farm'.
Some is created by the ridiculous idea of animals thinking and
acting like humans and some by Orwell's irony as described in
the previous two pages.
Here are a few of my favourite comic moments from the book:
1. The cat persuading the birds to join a committee.
2. The vanity and cowardice of Mollie - a veru unlikely
revolutionary!
3. Snowball's wordy proof that a wing is a leg.
4. The ridiculous way in which the old ram is said to have been
killed in Chapter 7.
5. The 'Comrade Napoleon is dying' story - Ch. 8