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- ---------------------------------[ HARDWARE ]---------------------------------
-
- CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU)
- ----------------------------
- Heart of the PC - it contains the microprocessor. The CPU is a set of
- miniaturized circuits that does all the "thinking". It controls the
- interpretation (arithmetic-logic unit) and execution (control unit) of
- instructions. The CPU in conjunction with RAM comprise the computer's
- "brain". The CPU does the "thinking/calculating" while RAM contains the
- instructions or "memories". It is the CPU that largely determines the
- operating speed of the computer.
-
- BIT
- ---
- Smallest unit of information recognized by the computer. BIT is short for
- Binary Digit. A Binary Digit can be either a 0 or a 1. Several bits make up
- a byte.
-
- BYTE
- ----
- A group of 8 BITS. This grouping of adjacent binary digits (bits) is operated
- on by the computer as a unit. Computers use 1 BYTE to represent 1 character
- such as a letter of the alphabet, a number, a punctuation mark, a
- space, etc. A BYTE is also a unit of measure since it represents 1 character.
- For example, when the letter "A" is pressed, the keyboard actually sends the
- following to RAM: 10000001 - a set of 8 bits. See RAM, FLOPPY DISK.
-
- RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
- --------------------------
- A set of miniaturized circuits which represents the working memory of the
- computer. This is where application programs (software) can be loaded from
- the outside and then executed. The larger the RAM the better. A typical
- single user computer system may contain approximately 640,000 bytes of RAM.
- (This is often abbreviated as 640k RAM. 1 k bytes is actually = 1024 bytes)
-
- The RAM is emptied when the computer is turned off - thus it is often called
- "volatile" memory. WHAT YOU SEE ON YOUR COMPUTER MONITOR IS ACTUALLY IN RAM
- ONLY - a temporary storage location. To make it permanent we "save" it or
- "write" it to a floppy disk or hard drive. These devices are not volatile
- storage - they do not require electricity.
-
- READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
- ----------------------
- This is a special section of memory that contains instructions which are
- activated each time the computer is turned on. These instructions are set at
- the factory and cannot be changed - thus, they can only be "read", not written
- to. ROM instructions perform equipment checks
- and initialization of the computer prior to each use.
-
- DISK DRIVE
- ----------
- The port in which a floppy disk is inserted. This device "reads data from a
- magnetic disk, and copies data into the computer's memory (RAM) so it can be
- used by the computer, and that "writes" data from the computer's memory onto a
- disk so it can be stored for later use. Each Disk Drive is labeled A,B,C,
- etc. because we often must tell the computer which drive has the disk with the
- information or where to send the information. A Disk Drive reads and writes
- on a 5.25 inch or 3.5 inch floppy disk.
-
- FLOPPY DISKS
- ------------
- The most commonly used mass storage device. Allows entering programs to RAM
- and saving data from RAM. Will hold data even after the computer is turned
- off. Data on these disks is stored in concentric rings called tracks. The
- Disk surface is a thin piece of mylar and is coated with a magnetized material
- similar to audio or video tape.
-
- The read/write heads can magnetize and demagnetize the coated surface
- repeatedly. Therefore, the Disk can be used, erased, and reused indefinitely.
- An IBM PC disk holds approximately 360k worth of information (250 double
- spaced pages of text). This is called a Double-sided, Double-density
- Diskette. Newer, smaller 3.5 inch disks exist which hold at least twice as
- much - 720k.
-
- FIXED DISK DRIVE
- ----------------
- Usually named disk drive C. It is essentially a very large floppy disk. This
- Fixed Disk (commonly called a Hard Drive) is secured within the machine and
- cannot be seen or transported. The storage capacity is so large it is
- measured in megabytes (1M = 1K squared = 1,048,576 bytes). Fixed Disks are
- available from 5M on up. The main advantages are that it has enough space to
- meet most users' total storage needs, operates much faster than a floppy (5-10
- times faster), and is less likely to fail since it "lives" within the
- protected computer.
-
- KEYBOARD
- --------
- Input device that lets you enter data into the computer. The layout is
- similar to the standard QWERTY typewriter keyboard. However, there are many
- extra special keys that are defined by the software you are running.
-
- MONITOR
- -------
- A television like device that the computer uses to communicate with you.
- Typically the monitor displays 80 columns (characters) by 25 rows (lines) of
- information.
-
- PRINTER
- -------
- Most users get at least one Printer for their computer. It produces a "Hard-
- Copy" output of your data rather than just being able to view it on the
- monitor. Dot-Matrix printers are inexpensive, fast and can draw
- graphics. Letter-Quality printers are more expensive and slower but create
- pages better than typewritten (even pressure on each keystroke).
-
- MODEM
- -----
- Short for Modulator/Demodulator. A device to send and receive computer output
- over telephone lines.
-
- ┌──────────┐ ┌───────┐
- │KEYBOARD │ ┌─────┐ │MONITOR│
- │Mouse ├──── INPUT ────>│ CPU ├───── OUTPUT ──>│Printer│
- │Light Pen │ │ RAM │ │Plotter│
- │Microphone│ └──┬──┘ │Speaker│
- │Joystick │ │ INPUT └───────┘
- └──────────┘ │ and/or
- │ OUTPUT
- ┌────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┐
- │ DISK STORAGE, Tape Storage, Modem, Fixed Disk Storage │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-