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- ----------------------------[ FIRST TIME USER ]-------------------------------
-
- Welcome! Computers have been around since the Chinese Abacus. They are here
- to stay. There is a certain feel and flow to the logic that directs their
- activities.
-
- Electronically all computers work about the same. The one you are using is
- called a MICROcomputer. This is due to its size. Larger computers include
- MINIcomputers and Mainframe computers.
-
- RAM
- ---
- Think of a computer as a human brain. Your brain is a memory sponge. It
- contains a lifetime of memories that cause us to act or react based on
- inputs. Inputs come through our 5 senses. If you see and smell a steak
- burning on the grill (inputs) you know how to react based on previous
- experiences (memory - go out to eat).
-
- The computer's brain consists of a large memory area called Random Access
- Memory (RAM) and a calculating portion called the Central Processing Unit
- (CPU). The CPU and RAM work together as the computer's "brain". Each day
- when we start up the computer one of the first tasks will be to fill RAM with
- instructions to give it an ability to do work. This work may be in the
- creation of documents or tracking accounting data (more information on CPU is
- found under the HARDWARE section).
-
- You control which instructions will go into the computer's brain. You
- control the sets of experiences you will provide the computer. Once in RAM,
- the computer will evaluate inputs from many devices and react. The most
- typical input device is a keyboard. As you type commands, the computer
- evaluates them. Based on the set of instructions within its RAM, it will
- follow some action: print a document, calculate, send information
- over a telephone line, etc.
-
- At some later point you may empty the computer's brain and install a
- different set of instructions, thus giving it a different ability.
-
- Unlike a human, the computer requires electricity to keep the information
- within RAM. Each time the computer is turned off, all information within RAM
- is lost. RAM is called volatile memory because of the electricity
- requirement. RAM is a temporary memory. To save instructions for later use
- requires a storage device. Computers use many such devices. Your computer
- uses a Floppy Disk or a Hard Disk. Both are similar.
-
- DISKS
- -----
- Think of these disks as cassettes. You can record information on a cassette
- that can be replayed indefinitely and if desired, recorded over. Floppy and
- Hard Disks operate in a similar fashion. We record (Save) something we have
- created - like a document - onto the disk. Then, hours, days, or months
- later we can play back (Retrieve) the document into the computer to alter or
- print out. Just like cassettes, the Floppy and Hard Disks do not require
- electricity to retain their information. Floppy and Hard Disks are called
- nonvolatile memory because they will retain their information without the aid
- of electricity.
-
- Hard Disks and Floppy Disks are similar. However, Hard Drives have a larger
- capacity for file storage, are faster and are less likely to fail due to the
- protected environment from within which they operate.
-
- A computer system includes computer hardware, software and
- people. A computer is a device capable of solving problems
- or manipulating data by accepting data, performing prescribed
- operations on the data, and displaying the results.
-
- HARDWARE versus SOFTWARE
- ------------------------
- HARDWARE: Physical equipment such as electronic, magnetic, and mechanical
- devices (monitor, keyboard, printer, micro chip boards, etc.). These
- INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES allow the operator to interact with the computer.
-
- SOFTWARE: Sets of programs (stored sets of instructions) that govern the
- operation of the computer system and make the hardware run. These programs
- (instructions) tell the hardware how to do a particular task such as
- word processing, games, database management, etc.
-
- Software refers to the instructions that enable an otherwise dead machine to
- understand your inputs and transform them into desired outputs.
-
- Computer hardware by itself lacks personality; this is determined by the
- software. Word processing software turns the computer into a word processor,
- accounting software turns the computer into an accounting tool, etc.
-
- The computer requires two types of Software:
-
- DOS - Disk Operating System
- Application Software - Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Games,
- Database Management, Accounting, Payroll, etc.
-
- DOS (Disk Operating System)
- ---
- All computers require an operating system and the one IBM PC's use is called
- DOS (sounds like floss). DOS is software that allows the terminal, printer,
- computer and mass storage systems (floppy disks) to work together as a unit,
- and controls the execution of programs. It also allows you to do
- housekeeping chores regarding managing disks and files.
-
- Therefore - DOS: 1. Links Hardware
- 2. Enables File Management
-
-
- PROPER HANDLING OF DISKS - DISKS NEED CARE!
- ------------------------
- - Never touch the mylar surface - Do not bend the disks
- - Always store in their protective sleeve
- - Hold the disk by its label or any part of the sleeve
- - Avoid bringing disks near magnets (TVs, telephones, etc.)
- - Do not leave in hot or cold areas (radiators, car dash, in
- car during winter, etc.)
- - Use felt tip pens if possible when labeling. Ball point pens
- can crease the mylar.
-
- Note the write protect notch on the disk. If this is covered by tape or is
- nonexistent, data cannot be "written" to the disk, but data can still be
- "read" from the disk.
-
- It is a good idea to save data and programs on two separate disks in case one
- is destroyed. Even with the most cautious of care, the delicate Floppy Disks
- sometimes fail for no apparent reason.
-
- HISTORY
- -------
- The first computational device was the abacus. This has been in continuous
- use for thousands of years. During the 1600's the Pascal adding machine was
- developed. This was a mechanical device that laid the groundwork for today's
- odometers and gas meters. The 1800's saw many machines developed that were
- controlled by punch cards - weaving looms. The theoretical basis for
- electronic circuitry was developed in the mid 1800's.
-
- The first electronic computer was developed in 1942 at Iowa State College.
- From this point forth there were many firsts as computers became less
- mechanical, smaller, faster and cheaper. IBM began dominating the computer
- market by the mid-1950's and still does today in the mainframe (very large
- computer installation) market. Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) became a
- significant competitor by the mid-1960's. DEC is generally considered
- technically better (faster, smaller, etc.) than IBM but still only has a
- fraction of the total market due to marketing snafus. Today the Cray Super
- computer is the fastest in the world, is manufactured in Wisconsin,
- and is set in a vat of liquid helium to increase the conductivity for faster
- operation.
-
-
- TIME vs. SPEED
-
- METHOD OF CALCULATION APPROXIMATE SPEED
- --------------------- -----------------
- Human (manual calculation) 1 each 60 seconds
- Burroughs E101 (1954) 4 per second
- IBM 1130 (1964) 600,000 per second
- DEC PDP 11 (1974) 1,000,000 per second
- Cray super computer 13,000,000 per second
-
- The Personal Computer is distinguished by its size, cost, and applications
- for small business and the home. The first one appeared in January 1975 and
- was the Altair 8800 kit. Only hobbyists bought these. Then the Radio Shack
- TRS 80 and Apple computers hit the market as the first pre-assembled
- microcomputers.
-
- Market growth remained sluggish until two business students - Dan Bricklin
- and Dan Fylstra - developed a program to run on Apple computers to handle the
- tedious recalculations in their school assignments. This program was called
- VisiCalc and is the forerunner to the spreadsheet program Lotus 123.
-
- With VisiCalc as a useful tool, Apple sales took off. Apple became the
- standard because all programs were written for Apple. Today we still see
- Apple dominate the school market.
-
- In 1981 IBM introduced its PC. The PC was unable to run Apple software.
- Unlike Apple or other IBM products, the IBM PC had an open architecture.
- This means the technical details of how it operated were published with the
- product's introduction. This permitted hundreds of companies to write
- software (programs) for the IBM PC and a variety of hardware accessories.
- Adding IBM's sterling reputation, the open architecture did enable rapid
- market penetration. The microcomputer was no longer a toy, it was a business
- tool.
-
- The open architecture also allowed for the generation of a host of lower cost
- compatible computers. IBM had traded quick initial market entry for eventual
- erosion of market share. In both instances, the consumers' benefit.
-
-
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