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- Network Working Group O. deSouza
- Request for Comments: 1586 M. Rodrigues
- Category: Informational AT&T Bell Laboratories
- March 1994
-
-
- Guidelines for Running OSPF
- Over Frame Relay Networks
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo specifies guidelines for implementors and users of the Open
- Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol to bring about
- improvements in how the protocol runs over frame relay networks. We
- show how to configure frame relay interfaces in a way that obviates
- the "full-mesh" connectivity required by current OSPF
- implementations. This allows for simpler, more economic network
- designs. These guidelines do not require any protocol changes; they
- only provide recommendations for how OSPF should be implemented and
- configured to use frame relay networks efficiently.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- This memo is the result of work done in the OSPF Working Group of the
- IETF. Comments and contributions from several sources, especially
- Fred Baker of ACC, John Moy of Proteon, and Bala Rajagopalan of AT&T
- Bell Laboratories are included in this work.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- A frame relay (FR) network provides virtual circuits (VCs) to
- interconnect attached devices. Each VC is uniquely identified at each
- FR interface by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI). RFC 1294
- specifies the encapsulation of multiprotocol traffic over FR [1].
- The devices on a FR network may either be fully interconnected with a
- "mesh" of VCs, or partially interconnected. OSPF characterizes FR
- networks as non-broadcast multiple access (NBMA) because they can
- support more than two attached routers, but do not have a broadcast
- capability [2]. Under the NBMA model, the physical FR interface on a
- router corresponds to a single OSPF interface through which the
- router is connected to one or more neighbors on the FR network; all
- the neighboring routers must also be directly connected to each other
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- RFC 1586 OSPF over Frame Relay March 1994
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- over the FR network. Hence OSPF implementations that use the NBMA
- model for FR do not work when the routers are partially
- interconnected. Further, the topological representation of a
- multiple access network has each attached router bi-directionally
- connected to the network vertex with a single link metric assigned to
- the edge directed into the vertex.
-
- We see that the NBMA model becomes more restrictive as the number of
- routers connected to the network increases. First, the number of VCs
- required for full-mesh connectivity increases quadratically with the
- number of routers. Public FR services typically offer performance
- guarantees for each VC provisioned by the service. This means that
- real physical resources in the FR network are devoted to each VC, and
- for this the customer eventually pays. The expense for full-mesh
- connectivity thus grows quadratically with the number of
- interconnected routers. We need to build OSPF implementations that
- allow for partial connectivity over FR. Second, using a single link
- metric (per TOS) for the FR interface does not allow OSPF to weigh
- some VCs more heavily than others according to the performance
- characteristics of each connection. To make efficient use of the FR
- network resources, it should be possible to assign different link
- metrics to different VCs.
-
- These limitations of the current OSPF model for FR become more severe
- as the network size increases, and render FR technology less cost
- effective than it could be for large networks. We propose solutions
- to these problems that do not increase complexity by much and do not
- require any changes to the OSPF protocol.
-
- 2. Summary of Recommendations
-
- We propose expanding the general view of an OSPF interface to account
- for its functional type (point-to-point, broadcast, NBMA) rather than
- its physical type. In most instances, the physical network can only
- serve one function and can only be defined as one type of OSPF
- interface. For multiplexed interfaces such as FR however, logical
- connections between routers can serve different functions. Hence one
- VC on a FR interface can be viewed distintly from other VCs on the
- same physical interface. The solution requires that OSPF be able to
- support logical interfaces (networks) as well as physical interfaces.
- Each logical network can be either point-to-point, that is, a single
- VC, or NBMA, that is, a collection of VCs. It is not necessary to
- define new interface types for logical networks, since the operation
- of the protocol over logical point-to-point networks and logical NBMA
- networks remains the same as for the corresponding physical networks.
- For instance, logical point-to-point links could be numbered or
- unnumbered. It is only necessary for implementations to provide the
- hooks that give users the ability to configure an individual VC as a
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- logical point-to-point network or a collection of VCs as a logical
- NBMA network.
-
- The NBMA model does provide some economy in OSPF protocol processing
- and overhead and is the recommended mode of operation for small
- homogeneous networks. Other than the Designated Router (DR) and the
- backup Designated Router (BDR), each router maintains only two
- adjacencies, one each with the DR and BDR, regardless of the size of
- the NBMA network. When FR VCs are configured as point-to-point
- links, a router would have many more adjacencies to maintain,
- resulting in increased protocol overhead. If all VCs were to have
- comparable performance characteristics as well, there may not be
- compelling reasons to assign a different link metric to each VC.
-
- 3. Implementing OSPF over FR
-
- We recommend that OSPF router implementations be built so that
- administrators can configure network layer interfaces that consist of
- one or more FR VCs within a single physical interface. Each logical
- network interface could then be configured as the appropriate type of
- OSPF interface, that is, point-to-point for a single VC, or NBMA for
- a collection of VCs. This capability would allow a router to belong
- to one or more distinct IP subnets on a single physical FR interface.
- Thus, it is necessary that the router be able to support multiple IP
- addresses on a single physical FR interface. As with physical NBMA
- networks, logical NBMA networks must be full-mesh connected. While
- logical point-to-point links can be either numbered or unnumbered, we
- show that it is easier to implement routers to handle numbered
- logical point-to-point links.
-
- 3.1 Numbered Logical Interfaces
-
- The router administrator should be able to configure numbered logical
- interfaces over FR as follows:
-
- STEP 1: Configure the physical interface specifying relevant
- parameters such as the slot, connector, and port numbers,
- physical frame format, encoding, and clock mode. In its
- internal interface MIB [3], the router should create a new
- ifEntry in the ifTable, assign the physical interface an
- ifIndex, and increment the ifNumber by one.
-
- STEP 2: Configure the data-link layer over the interface,
- specifying frame relay as the encapsulation method.
- Parameters such as the DLCI encoding type and length,
- maximum frame size, management interface (Annex D, LMI),
- and address resolution procedure (manual, inverse ARP). If
- a management interface is not supported, FR VCs must be
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- configured manually.
-
- STEP 3: Configure the IP network layer for the interface by
- specifying the number of logical interfaces and the IP
- address and subnet mask for each numbered logical
- interface. Specify the VCs (by DLCI) associated with each
- logical network interface if there is more than one. If an
- address resolution protocol such as Inverse ARP [4] is
- being used, it should suffice to specify a list of IP
- addresses for the FR interface and have Inverse ARP create
- the DLCI-IP address binding.
-
- STEP 4: Configure OSPF to run over each logical interface as
- appropriate, specifying the necessary interface parameters
- such as area ID, link metric, protocol timers and
- intervals, DR priority, and list of neighbors (for the DR).
- OSPF interfaces consisting of one VC can be treated as
- point-to-point links while multi-VC OSPF interfaces are
- treated as NBMA subnets. In its internal OSPF MIB [5], the
- router should create additional entries in the ospfIfTable
- each with the appropriate ospfIfType (nbma or
- pointTopoint).
-
- 3.2 Unnumbered Point-to-Point Logical Interfaces
-
- OSPF uses the IP address to instance each numbered interface.
- However, since an unnumbered point-to-point link does not have an IP
- address, the ifIndex from the interface MIB is used instead [5].
- This is straightforward for a physical point-to-point network, since
- the ifIndex is assigned when the interface is configured. Logical
- interfaces over FR however, do not have distinct and unique values
- for ifIndex. To allow OSPF to instance unnumbered logical point-to-
- point links, it is necessary to assign each such link a unique
- ifIndex in STEP 3 above. This could lead to some confusion in the
- interfaces table since a new ifTable entry would have to be created
- for each logical point-to-point link. This type of departure from the
- standard practice of creating interface table entries only for
- physical interfaces could be viewed as an unnecessary complication.
-
- Alternatively, it is possible to build a private MIB that contains
- data structures to instance unnumbered logical links. However, making
- recommendations for the structure and use of such a private MIB is
- beyond the scope of this work. Even if unnumbered point-to-point
- logical links were implemented in this manner, it would still be
- necessary to allow a FR interface to be configured with multiple IP
- addresses when a router is connected to multiple NBMA subnets through
- a single physical interface. Hence, while it is possible to define
- unnumbered logical point-to-point links in OSPF, we find this
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- RFC 1586 OSPF over Frame Relay March 1994
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- alternative less attractive than using numbered logical point-to-
- point links.
-
- 4. Using OSPF over FR
-
- The ability to configure distinct logical interfaces over FR gives
- users a great deal of flexibility in designing FR networks for use
- with OSPF. Because routers can be partially interconnected over FR,
- it is possible to design networks more cost-effectively than before.
- The issues to consider are the price/cost structure for VCs (fixed,
- distance-sensitive, banded) and ports, performance guarantees
- provided, traffic distribution (local, long-haul), and protocol
- efficiency. We have mentioned that the NBMA model provides some
- economy in OSPF protocol processing and overhead and is recommended
- for small homogeneous networks. In general, users should configure
- their networks to contain several small "NBMA clusters," which are in
- turn interconnected by long-haul VCs. The best choices for the number
- of routers in each cluster and the size of the long-haul logical
- point-to-point links depends on the factors mentioned above. If it is
- necessary to architect a more "flat" network, the ability to assign
- different link metrics to different (groups of) VCs allows for
- greater efficiency in using FR resources since VCs with better
- performance characteristics (throughput, delay) could be assigned
- lower link metrics.
-
- 5. Conclusion
-
- We have specified guidelines for OSPF implementors and users to bring
- about improvements in how the protocol runs over frame relay
- networks. These recommendations do not require any protocol changes
- and allow for simpler, more efficient and cost-effective network
- designs. We recommend that OSPF implementations be able to support
- logical interfaces, each consisting of one or more virtual circuits
- and used as numbered logical point-to-point links (one VC) or logical
- NBMA networks (more than one VC). The current NBMA model for frame
- relay should continue to be used for small homogeneous networks
- consisting of a few routers.
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- RFC 1586 OSPF over Frame Relay March 1994
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- 6. References
-
- [1] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol Interconnect
- over Frame Relay", RFC 1294, Wellfleet Communications, Inc., BBN
- Communications, January 1992.
-
- [2] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", RFC 1583, Proteon, Inc., March 1994.
-
- [3] McCloghrie, K., and M. Rose, Editors, "Management Information
- Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based Internets: MIB-II",
- STD 17, RFC 1213, Hughes LAN Systems, Inc., Performance Systems
- International, March 1991.
-
- [4] Bradley, T., and C. Brown, "Inverse Address Resolution Protocol",
- RFC 1293, Wellfleet Communications, Inc., January 1992.
-
- [5] Baker, F., and R. Coltun, "OSPF Version 2 Management Information
- Base", RFC 1253, ACC, Computer Science Center, August 1991.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- 7. Authors' Addresses
-
- Osmund S. deSouza
- AT&T Bell Laboratories
- Room 1K-606
- 101 Crawfords Corner Road
- Holmdel, NJ 07733
-
- Phone: (908) 949-1393
- EMail: osmund.desouza@att.com
-
-
- Manoel A. Rodrigues
- Room 1K-608
- AT&T Bell Laboratories
- 101 Crawfords Corner Road
- Holmdel, NJ 07733
-
- Phone: (908) 949-4655
- EMail: manoel.rodrigues@att.com
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