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- INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - Part 15 - by Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ
-
- Here are some tips to help make your packet operating more enjoyable.
- Whether it's while making local QSOs, checking into a BBS or mailbox, or
- working DX, there are a few things you should take into consideration that
- will help eliminate problems and waiting time and will increase your
- throughput. ("Throughput" is a word that has come into use by packet
- operators that means the amount of usable packet information received by
- the distant station.)
-
- When connecting to another station, don't use a digipeater or node unless
- you have to. Each digipeater you add to the path increases the time
- required to get your signal to its destination and to get an acknowl-
- edgement returned. It also increases the chance for interference and for
- collisions with other packets. You'll be amazed at the difference in
- throughput when comparing a direct connect to one with just one digipeater
- in the path.
-
- The packet node network, as discussed in previous articles in this series,
- does a great deal to help you get your packets through, but you must
- remember that throughput there, too, is affected by the number of nodes and
- the conditions between you and the destination station. The big advantage
- of the nodes is that the acknowledgements do not have to return all the way
- from the destination station. Packets are acknowledged from node to node,
- so that eliminates a large part of the problems encountered. Getting the
- original packet through, however, remains to be as much of a problem for
- the nodes as it is for you when using digipeaters. It can take several
- minutes to get a packet through when you're working a station some distance
- away.
-
- Dr. Tom Clark, W3IWI, has determined that for EACH HOP in a packet path the
- loss of packets can vary anywhere from 5% to 50% depending on the amount of
- traffic. Remember, each digipeater and node adds a hop, so multiply those
- percentages by the number of hops, then multiply by 2 to account for the
- acknowledgement, and you can see how quickly the path deteriorates as
- traffic increases and digipeaters and nodes are added to it.
-
- If you have a choice, use a frequency that doesn't have a lot of other
- traffic on it. It makes sense that the more stations there are on
- frequency, the more chances there are for collisions and retries. A path
- that will work perfectly without a lot of traffic, can become totally
- useless under heavy traffic conditions. Just one additional station on
- the frequency can decrease throughput by about half in many cases.
-
- Another consideration, especially if working over a long distance, is
- atmospheric conditions. You might not have experienced this before on VHF,
- but with packet's high sensitivity to noise, a slight change in signal
- strength can mean the difference between getting your packets through or
- not getting them through. An example of one path that is very vunerable to
- conditions due to its distance is from W6AK-1 on Mt. Vaca to WB6AIE-1 on
- Bald Mountain in Yosemite National Park on 145.05 MHz. Most of the time,
- packets go between these two nodes without any problem, but there are
- times, especially when it's a hot summer day in the Sacramento Valley, when
- it's impossible to get a packet from one to the other. In the Bay Area,
- the fog has a drastic affect on VHF signals. When a fog bank is moving in
- off the Pacific, it can act as an excellent reflector. Signals that are
- not normally heard can reach signal strengths of 40 over S9.
-
- Multipath is another problem that can greatly affect your packet signal.
- Multipath is the term used to describe the receipt of multiple signals from
- one source due to reflections off of buildings, hills or mountains. The
- "ghost" in a television picture is a form of mutipath. A station with a
- very strong signal into a digipeater or node often cannot use that path if
- multipath causes the signal to be distorted. Each packet is checked for
- 100% accuracy and is not acknowledged unless it is. Multipath reflection
- can cause occasional bits to be lost so you end up with multiple retries
- and a poor path even with strong signals.
-
- To sum up, for best results on VHF use the least number of digipeaters and
- nodes as possible, use a frequency with low activity, and be aware of
- atmospheric conditions and multipath problems.
-
- If you use packet on HF, remember to change your transmit baud rate to 300
- and to use a short PACLEN (a value of 40 seems to work quite well) and a
- MAXFRAME of 1. The chances of getting a short packet through the noise and
- QRM are much better than for a long one.
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