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- .rs
- .\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
- .\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
- .\"
- .\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
- .TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
- .ds CH
- .ds CF
- .EQ
- delim @@
- .EN
- .nr LL 40.5P
- .nr ll 40.5P
- .nr HM 3P
- .nr FM 6P
- .nr PO 4P
- .nr PD 9p
- .po 4P
-
- .rs
- \v | 5i'
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.652\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBCHARACTERISTICS\ OF\ A\ SINGLE\(hyMODE\fR \fBOPTICAL\ FIBRE\ CABLE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.652''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.652 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; amended at Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (a)
- that single\(hymode optical fibre cables are widely used in telecommunication
- networks;
- .PP
- (b)
- that the foreseen potential applications may require
- several kinds of single\(hymode fibres differing in:
- .LP
- \(em
- geometrical characteristics;
- .LP
- \(em
- operating wavelength;
- .LP
- \(em
- attenuation dispersion, cut\(hyoff wavelength, and other optical
- characteristics;
- .LP
- \(em
- mechanical and environmental aspects;
- .PP
- (c)
- that recommendations on different kinds of single\(hymode fibres can be
- prepared when practical use studies have sufficiently
- progressed,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- a single\(hymode fibre which has the zero\(hydispersion wavelength around
- 1300\ nm and which is optimized for use in the 1300\ nm wavelength region,
- and
- which can also be used in the 1550\ nm wavelength region (where this fibre is
- not optimized).
- .PP
- This fibre can be used for analogue and for digital transmission.
- .PP
- The geometrical, optical and transmission characteristics of this
- fibre are described below, together with applicable test methods.
- .PP
- The meaning of the terms used in this Recommendation is given in
- Annex\ A and the guidelines to be followed in the measurements to verify the
- various characteristics are indicated in Annex\ B. Annexes\ A and\ B may become
- separate Recommendations as additional single\(hymode fibre Recommendations are
- agreed upon.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBFibre characteristics\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Only those characteristics of the fibre providing a minimum
- essential design framework for fibre manufacture are recommended in \(sc\ 1. Of
- these, the cable fibre cut\(hyoff wavelength may be significantly affected by
- cable manufacture or installation. Otherwise, the recommended characteristics
- will apply equally to individual fibres, fibres incorporated into a cable
- wound on a drum, and fibres in installed cable.
- .PP
- This Recommendation applies to fibres having a nominally
- circular mode field.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1
- \fIMode field diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The nominal value of the mode field diameter at 1300\ nm shall lie within
- the range 9\ to 10\ \(*mm. The mode field diameter deviation should not
- exceed the limits of \(+- | 0% of the nominal value.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ A value of 10 \(*mm is commonly employed for matched
- cladding designs, and a value of 9\ \(*mm is commonly employed for depressed
- cladding
- designs. However, the choice of a specific value within the above range
- is not necessarily associated with a specific fibre design.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ It should be noted that the fibre performance required
- for any given application is a function of essential fibre and systems
- parameters, i.e., mode field diameters, cut\(hyoff wavelength, total dispersion,
- systems
- operating wavelength, and bit rate/frequency of operation, and not primarily
- of the fibre design.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The mean value of the mode field diameter, in fact, may
- differ from the above nominal values provided that all fibres fall within
- \(+- | 0% of the specified nominal value.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.2
- \fICladding diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended nominal value of the cladding diameter is 125 \(*mm. The
- cladding deviation should not exceed the limits of \(+- | .4%.
- .PP
- For some particular jointing techniques and joint loss requirements, other
- tolerances may be appropriate.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.3
- \fIMode field concentricity error\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended mode field concentricity error at 1300\ nm should
- not exceed 1\ \(*mm.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ For some particular jointing techniques and joint loss
- requirements, tolerances up to 3\ \(*mm may be appropriate.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The mode field concentricity error and the concentricity
- error of the core represented by the transmitted illumination using wavelengths
- different from 1300\ nm (including white light) are equivalent. In general,
- the deviation of the centre of the refractive index profile and the cladding
- axis also represents the mode field concentricity error but, if any inconsistency
- appears between the mode field concentricity error, measured according
- to the reference test method (RTM), and the core concentricity error, the
- former
- will constitute the reference.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.4
- \fINon\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.4.1
- \fIMode field non\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In practice, the mode field non\(hycircularity of fibres having
- nominally circular mode fields is found to be sufficiently low that propagation
- and jointing are not affected. It is therefore not considered necessary
- to
- recommend a particular value for the mode field non\(hycircularity. It is not
- normally necessary to measure the mode field non\(hycircularity for acceptance
- purposes.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.4.2
- \fICladding non\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cladding non\(hycircularity should be less than 2%. For some
- particular jointing techniques and joint loss requirements, other tolerances
- may be appropriate.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.5
- \fICut\(hyoff wavelength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Two useful types of cut\(hyoff wavelengths can be
- distinguished:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the cut\(hyoff wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u | of a primary coated fibre
- according to the relevant fibre RTM;
- .LP
- b)
- the cut\(hyoff wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | of a cabled
- fiber in a deployment condition according to the relevant cable RTM.
- .PP
- The correlation of the measured values of \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u | and \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | epends
- on the specific fibre and cable design and the test conditions. While in
- general \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u< \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u, a quantitative
- relationship cannot
- easily be
- established. The importance of ensuring single\(hymode transmission in
- the minimum cable length between joints at the minimum system operating
- wavelength is
- paramount. This can be approached in two alternate ways:
- .LP
- 1)
- recommending \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u | to be less than 1280\ nm; when a
- lower limit is appropriate, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\ushould be greater than
- 1100\ nm;
- .LP
- 2)
- recommending \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | to be less than 1270\ nm.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ A sufficient wavelength margin should be assured between
- the lowest\(hypermissible system operating wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\uof
- 1270\ nm, and the highest\(hypermissible cable cut\(hyoff wavelength\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u.
- Several
- Administrations favour a maximum\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\uof 1260\
- nm to allow for fibre
- sampling variations and source wavelength variations due to tolerance,
- temperature, and ageing effects.
- .PP
- \fR
- .PP
- \fR These two specifications need not both be invoked; users may
- choose to specify\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uor\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\uaccording
- to their specific needs and the particular envisaged applications. In the
- latter case, it should be
- understood that \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\umay exceed 1280\ nm.
- .bp
- .PP
- In the case where the user chooses to specify\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uas in\ 1),
- then\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\uneed not be measured.
- .PP
- \fI\fR In the case where the user chooses to specify\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u,
- it
- may be permitted that\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\ube higher than the minimum
- system operating
- wavelength, relying on the effects of cable fabrication and installation to
- yield\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\uvalues below the minimum system operating
- wavelength for the shortest length of cable between two joints.
- .PP
- In the case where the user chooses to specify \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u,
- a
- qualification test may be sufficient to verify that the \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\urequirement
- is being met.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.6
- \fI1550 nm loss performance\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In order to ensure low\(hyloss operation of deployed 1300\ nm\(hyoptimized
- fibres in the 1550\ nm wavelength region, the loss increase of 100\ turns
- of
- fibre loosely\(hywound with a 37.5\ mm radius, and measured at 1550\ nm,
- shall be
- less than 1.0\ dB.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ A qualification test may be sufficient to ensure
- that this requirement is being met.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The above value of 100 turns corresponds to the approximate
- number of turns deployed in all splice cases of a typical repeater span.
- The
- radius of 37.5\ mm is equivalent to the minimum bend\(hyradius widely accepted
- for long\(hyterm deployment of fibres in practical systems installations
- to avoid
- static\(hyfatigue failure.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ If for practical reasons fewer than 100 turns are
- chosen to implement this test, it is suggested that not less than 40\ turns,
- and a
- proportionately smaller loss increase be used.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 4\fR \ \(em\ If bending radii smaller than 37.5 mm are planned to be
- used in splice cases or elsewhere in the system (for example, R\ =\ 30\
- mm), it is suggested that the same loss value of 1.0\ dB shall apply to
- 100\ turns of fibre deployed with this smaller radius.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 5\fR \ \(em\ The 1550 nm bend\(hyloss recommendation relates to the
- deployment of fibres in practical single\(hymode fibre installations. The
- influence of the stranding\(hyrelated bending radii of cabled single\(hymode
- fibres on the loss performance is included in the loss specification of
- the cabled
- fibre.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 6\fR \ \(em\ In the event that routine tests are required a small
- diameter loop with one or several turns can be used instead of the 100\(hyturn
- test, for accuracy and measurement ease of the 1550\ nm bend sensitivity. In
- this case, the loop diameter, number of turns, and the maximum permissible
- bend loss for the several\(hyturn test, should be chosen, so as to correlate
- with the 1.0\ dB loss recommendation of the 37.5\ mm radius 100\(hyturn
- functional test.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.7
- \fIMaterial properties of the fibre\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.7.1
- \fIFibre materials\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The substances of which the fibres are made should be
- indicated.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Care may be needed in fusion splicing fibres of different
- substances. Provisional results indicate that adequate splice loss and
- strength can be achieved when splicing different high\(hysilica fibres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.7.2
- \fIProtective materials\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The physical and chemical properties of the material used for the fibre
- primary coating, and the best way of removing it (if necessary) should
- be indicated. In the case of a single jacketed fibre similar indications
- shall be given.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.8
- \fIRefractive index profile\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The refractive index profile of the fibre does not generally need to be
- known; if one wishes to measure it, the reference test method in
- Recommendation\ G.651 may be used.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.9
- \fIExamples of fibre design guidelines\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Supplement No. 33 gives an example of fibre design guidelines for matched\(hycladding
- fibres used by two organizations.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBFactory length specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Since the geometrical and optical characteristics of fibres given in \(sc\
- 1 are barely affected by the cabling process, \(sc\ 2 will give
- recommendations mainly relevant to transmission characteristics of cabled
- factory lengths.
- .PP
- Environmental and test conditions are paramount and are described
- in the guidelines for test methods.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fIAttenuation coefficient\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Optical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have attenuation
- coefficients in the below 1.0\ dB/km in the 1300\ nm wavelength
- region, and below 0.5\ dB/km in the 1550\ nm wavelength region.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The lowest values depend on the fabrication process, fibre
- composition and design, and cable design. Values in the range 0.3\(hy0.4\
- dB/km in the 1300\ nm region and 0.15\(hy0.25\ dB/km in the 1550\ nm region
- have been
- achieved.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIChromatic dispersion coefficient\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fI\fR The maximum chromatic dispersion coefficient shall be specified
- by:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the allowed range of the zero\(hydispersion wavelength between \(*l
- \d\fIomin\fR \u = 1295 nm and \(*l
- \d\fIomax\fR \u = 1322 nm;
- .LP
- \(em
- the maximum value \fIS
- \domax
- \u\fR = 0.095 ps/(nm\u2\d | (mu | m) of the zero\(hydispersion slope.
- .PP
- The chromatic dispersion coefficient limits for any wavelength\ \(*l within
- the range 1270\(hy1340\ nm shall be calculated as
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fID\fR\d1\u(\(*l) =
- [Formula Deleted]
- @ left [ \(*l~\(em { (*l~$$Ei:4:\fIomin\fR~_ } over { (*l\u3\d } right ] @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- .sp 1
- \fID\fR\d2\u(\(*l) =
- fIS~\domax~\u\fR
- @ left [ \(*l~\(em { (*l~$$Ei:4:\fIomax\fR~_ } over { (*l\u3\d } right ] @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The values of \(*l
- \d\fIomin\fR \u, \(*l
- \d\fIomax\fR \u, and
- \fIS
- \domax
- \u\fR yield chromatic dispersion coefficient magnitudes | | fID\fR\d1\u |
- and | | fID\fR\d2\u | equal to or smaller than the maximum chromatic dispersion
- coefficients in the table:
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.652]\fR
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- Wavelength (nm) {
- Maximum chromatic dispersion
- coefficient
- [ps/(nm\(mukm)]
- }
- _
- .T&
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- 1285 | (hy | 330 \ 3.5
- .T&
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- 1270 | (hy | 340 \ 6 |
- .T&
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- 1550 20 |
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable [T1.652], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- (An exception occurs at 1285 nm, where the value of | | fID\fR\d2\u |
- is 3.67\ ps/(nm | (mu | m). A smaller value would be achieved by reducing
- \fIS
- \domax
- \u\fR or \(*l\fI
- \domax
- \u\fR ; this item requires further study.)
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Use of these equations in the 1550 nm region should be
- approached with caution.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ For high capacity (for example, 4 \(mu 140\ Mb/s
- or above) or long length systems, a narrower range of \(*l
- \d\fIomin\fR \u, \(*l
- \d\fIomax\fR \u
- may need to be specified, or if possible, a smaller value of \fIS
- \domax
- \u\fR be chosen.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 4\fR \ \(em\ It is not necessary to measure chromatic dispersion
- coefficient of single mode fibre on a routine basis.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBElementary cable sections\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- An elementary cable section usually includes a number of spliced
- factory lengths. The requirements for factory lengths are given in \(sc\ 2 of
- this Recommendation. The transmission parameters for elementary cable sections
- must take into account not only the performance of the individual cable
- lengths but also amongst other factors, such things as splice losses and
- connector losses (if applicable).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIAttenuation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The attenuation \fIA\fR of an elementary cable section is given
- by:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR =
- @ pile { fIm\fR above sum above \fIn\fR~=1 } @ \(*a\fI\fI\d\fIn\fR\u | (mu | fIL\fR\d\fIn\fR\u+ \fIa\fR\d\fIs\fR\u | (mu | \fIx\fR +
- \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u | (mu | fIy\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where
- .LP
- \fI\(*a\fI\d\fIn\fR\u =
- attenuation coefficient of \fIn\fR th fibre in
- elementary cable section,
- .LP
- \fIL\fR\d\fIn\fR\u =
- length of \fIn\fR th fibre,
- .LP
- \fIm\fR =
- total number of concatenated fibres in elementary
- cable section,
- .LP
- \fIa\fR\d\fIs\fR\u =
- mean splice loss,
- .LP
- \fIx\fR =
- number of splices in elementary cable section,
- .LP
- \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u =
- mean loss of line connectors,
- .LP
- \fIy\fR =
- number of line connectors in elementary cable section (if provided).
- .PP
- A suitable allowance should be allocated for a suitable cable
- margin for future modifications of cable configurations (additional splices,
- extra cable lengths, ageing effects, temperature variations,\ etc.).
- .PP
- The above expression does not include the loss of equipment
- connectors.
- .PP
- The mean loss is used for the loss of splices and connectors. The
- attenuation budget used in designing an actual system should account for the
- statistical variations in these parameters.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fIChromatic dispersion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The chromatic dispersion in ps can be calculated from the chromatic dispersion
- coefficients of the factory lengths, assuming a linear dependence on length,
- and with due regard for the signs of the coefficients and system source
- characteristics (see \(sc\ 2.2).
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation G.652)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBMeaning of the terms used in the Recommendation\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- The terms listed in this Annex are specific for single\(hymode
- fibres. Other terms used in this Recommendation have the same meaning as
- given in Annex\ A to Recommendation\ G.651.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.1
- \fBmode field diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode field diameter 2\fIw\fR is found by applying one of the
- following definitions. The integration limits are shown to be\ 0 to\ \(if,
- but it is understood that this notation implies that the integrals be truncated
- in the
- limit of increasing argument. While the maximum physical value of the argument
- \fIq\fR is
- [Formula Deleted]
- the integrands rapidly approach zero before this value is
- reached.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- i)
- FAR\(hyFIELD DOMAIN: In this domain theree different
- measurement implementations are possible:
- .LP
- a)
- FAR\(hyFIELD SCAN: The far\(hyfield intensity distribution
- \fIF\fR \u2\d(\fIq\fR ) is measured as a function of the far\(hyfield angle\
- \(*h, and the mode field diameter (MDF) at the wavelength\ \(*l is
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- 2\fIw\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- @ left [ 2~$$4o pile { (if above int above 0 } fIq\fR~\u3\d\fIF\fR~\u2\d(\fIq\fR )\fIdq\fR~$$4u pile { (if above int above 0 } fIqF\fR~\u2\d(\fIq\fR )\fIdq\fR~$$4e right ] @
- \u\(em1/2\d,
- where \fIq\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (1)
- \v'2P'
- \v'3p'
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- b)
- KNIFE\(hyEDGE SCAN: The knife\(hyedge power transmission function \fIK\fR
- (\fIx\fR ) is measured as a function of knife\(hyedge lateral offset\ \fIx\fR
- with the plane of the knife\(hyedge separated by a distance\ \fID\fR from
- the fibre, and the MFD is
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- 2\fIw\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- @ left [ 4~$$4o pile { (if above int above 0 } fIK\fR~` (\fIx\fR )\fIq\fR~\u2\d\fIdq\fR~$$4u pile { (if above int above 0 } fIK\fR~` (\fIx\fR )\fIdq\fR~$$4e right ] @
- \u\(em1/2\d,
- where \fIx\fR =
- \fID\fR tan \(*h, \fIK\fR `
- (\fIx\fR ) =
- @ { fIdK\fR (\fIx\fR ) } over { fIdx\fR } @ and \fIq\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (2)
- \v'2P'
- \v'3p'
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- c)
- VARIABLE APERTURE TECHNIQUE: The complementary aperture
- power transmission function \(*a(\fIx\fR ) is measured as a function of
- aperture
- radius\ \fIx\fR with the plane of the aperture separated by a distance\
- \fID\fR from the fibre, and the MFD is
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- 2\fIw\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- @ left [ 4 pile { (if above int above 0 } fIa\fR (\fIx\fR )\fIqdq\fR right ] @
- \u\(em1/2\d, where \fIx\fR =
- \fID\fR tan \(*h and \fIq\fR =
- [Formula Deleted]
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (3)
- \v'10p'
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- ii)
- OFFSET JOINT DOMAIN: The power transmission coefficient
- \fIT\fR (\(*d) is measured as a function of the transverse offset\ \(*d and
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- 2\fIw\fR = 2
- @ left [ \(em2~$$1o\fIT\fR (0) $$3u left [ { fId\fR~\u2\d\fIT\fR } over { fId\fR~\(*d\u2\d } right ] \d\\u(*d\d=\\d0\u$$3e right ] @
- \u1/2\d
- .ce 0
- .LP
- (4)
- \v'1P'
- \v'10p'
- .LP
- .sp 1
- iii)
- NEAR\(hyFIELD DOMAIN: The near field intensity distribution \fIf\fR \u2\d(\fIr\fR
- )
- is measured as a function of the radial coordinate\ \fIr\fR \ and
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- 2\fIw\fR = 2
- @ left [ 2~$$4o pile { (if above int above 0 } fIrf\fR~\u2\d(\fIr\fR )\fIdr\fR~~$$4u pile { (if above int above 0 } fIr\fR left [ { fIdf\fR (\fIr\fR~ ) } over { fIdr\fR } right ] $$2x2~\fIdr\fR~$$4e right ] @
- \u1/2\d
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (5)
- \v'2P'
- \v'3p'
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- .sp 1
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The mathematical equivalence of these definitions results
- from transform relations between measurement results obtained by different
- implementation. These are summarized in Figure\ A\(hy1/G.652.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 26P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy1/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2
- \fBcladding surface\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The outer surface of the glass that comprises the optical
- fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.3
- \fBcladding surface centre\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For a cross\(hysection of an optical fibre, it is the position of the centre
- of the circle which best fits the locus of the cladding surface in the
- given cross\(hysection.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The best fit method has to be specified, and
- is currently under study.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.4
- \fBcladding surface diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The diameter of the circle defining the cladding centre.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ For a nominally circular fibre, the cladding surface
- diameter in any orientation of the cross\(hysection is the largest distance
- across the
- cladding.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.5\fR \fBnon\(hycircularity of the cladding surface\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The difference between the maximum cladding surface
- diameter\ \fID
- \dmax
- \u\fR and minimum cladding surface diameter\ \fID
- \dmin
- \u\fR (with respect to the common cladding surface centre) divided by the
- nominal
- cladding diameter, \fID\fR , i.e.,
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fINon\(hycircularity\fR = (\fID
- \dmax
- \u\fR \(em \fID
- \dmin
- \u\fR ) / \fID\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The maximum and minimum cladding surface diameters are
- respectively the largest and smallest distances between the two intersections
- of a line through the cladding centre with the cladding surface.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6
- \fBmode field\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode field is the single\(hymode field distribution giving
- rise to a spatial intensity distribution in the fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.7
- \fBmode field centre\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode field centre is the position of the centroid of the
- spatial intensity distribution in the fibre.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The centroid is located at
- \fIr\fR \fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u, and is the normalized intensity\(hyweighted
- integral of the position vector\
- $$1\(rad
- \fIr\fR $$1\(raf.
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- \fIr\fR \fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u=
- @ int @
- @ int @
- \dAREA
- \u
- $$1\(rad
- \fIr\fR $$1\(raf \fII\fR (
- $$1\(rad
- \fIr\fR $$1\(raf) dA \ \
- $$2/
- @ int @
- @ int @
- \dAREA
- \u
- \fII\fR (
- $$1\(rad
- \fIr\fR $$1\(raf) dA
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \v'9p'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ For fibres considered in this Recommendation, the
- correspondence between the position of the centroid as defined and the
- position of the maximum of the spatial intensity distribution requires
- further study.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.8
- \fBmode field concentricity error\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The distance between the mode field centre and the cladding
- surface centre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.9
- \fBmode field non\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Since it is not normally necessary to measure mode field
- non\(hycircularity for acceptance purposes (as stated in \(sc\ 1.4.1) a
- definition of mode field non\(hycircularity is not necessary in this context.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.10
- \fBcut\(hyoff wavelength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cut\(hyoff wavelength is the wavelength greater than which the
- ratio between the total power, including launched higher order modes, and
- the fundamental mode power has decreased to less than a specified value,
- the modes being substantially uniformly excited.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ By definition, the specified value is chosen as 0.1\
- dB for a substantially straight 2\ metre length of fibre including one
- single loop of radius 140\ mm.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The cut\(hyoff wavelength defined in this Recommendation
- is
- generally different from the theore
- tical cut\(hyoff wavelength that can be
- computed from the refractive index profile of the fibre. The theoretical
- cut\(hyoff wavelength is a less useful parameter for determining fibre
- performance in the telecommunication network.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ In \(sc 1.5, two types of cut\(hyoff wavelength are
- described:
- .RT
- .LP
- i)
- a cut\(hyoff wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u | measured in a short length
- of uncabled primary\(hycoated fibre;
- .LP
- ii)
- a cut\(hyoff wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | measured in a cabled
- fibre in a deployment condition.
- .PP
- To avoid modal noise and dispersion penalties, the cut\(hyoff
- wavelength \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | of the shortest cable length
- (including repair lengths when present) should be less than the lowest
- anticipated system wavelength,
- \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\u:
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u< \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\u
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (1)
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- This ensures that each individual cable section is sufficiently
- single mode. Any joint that is not perfect will create some higher order
- (\fILP\fR\d1\\d1\u) mode power and single mode fibres typically support
- this mode
- for a short distance (of the order of metres, depending on the deployment
- conditions). A minimum distance must therefore be specified between joints,
- in order to give the fibre sufficient distance to attenuate the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode
- before it reaches the next joint. If inequality\ (1) is satisfied in the
- shortest cable section, it will be satisfied \fIa fortiori\fR in all longer
- cable sections, and single mode system operation will occur regardless
- of the
- elementary cable section length.
- .bp
- .PP
- Specifying \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u< \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\ufor the
- shortest cable length
- (including loops in the splice enclosure) ensures single mode operation.
- It is frequently more convenient, however, to measure \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u,
- which requires only a two\(hymetre length of uncabled fibre. \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\udepends
- on the fibre type, length, and bend radius, and \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u,
- in addition, depends on the
- structure of a particular cable. The relationship between \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uand
- \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u, therefore, is dependent on both the fibre
- and cable designs. In general, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uis several tens of\
- nm larger than \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u;
- \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\ucan even be larger than the system wavelength, without
- violating
- inequality\ (1). Higher values of \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uproduce tighter
- confinement of the
- \fILP\fR\d0\\d1\umode and, therefore, help to reduce potential bending
- losses in
- the 1550\ nm wavelength region.
- .PP
- Short fibre lenghts (<20m) are frequently attached to sources and
- detectors, and are also used as jumpers for interconnections. The cut\(hyoff
- wavelength of these fibres, as deployed, should also be less
- than\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\u. Among the means of avoiding modal noise in
- this case
- are:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- selecting only fibres with sufficiently low \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\ufor
- such uses;
- .LP
- b)
- deployment of such fibres with small radius bends.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.11
- \fBchromatic dispersion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The spreading of a light pulse per unit source spectrum width in an optical
- fibre caused by the different group velocities of the different
- wavelengths composing the source spectrum.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The chromatic dispersion may be due to the following
- contributions: material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, profile dispersion.
- Polarization dispersion does not give appreciable effects in
- circularly\(hysymmetric fibres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.12
- \fBchromatic dispersion coefficient\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The chromatic dispersion per unit source spectrum width and unit length
- of fibre. It is usually expressed in ps/(nm\ \(mu\ km).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.13
- \fBzero\(hydispersion slope\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The slope of the chromatic dispersion coefficient versus
- wavelength curve at the zero\(hydispersion wavelength.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.14
- \fBzero\(hydispersion wavelength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- That wavelength at which the chromatic dispersion vanishes.
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ B
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation G.652)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBTest methods for single\(hymode fibres\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- Both reference and alternative test methods are usually given in this Annex
- for each parameter and it is the intention that both the RTM and the ATM(s)
- may be suitable for normal product acceptance purposes. However,
- when using an ATM, should any discrepancy arise it is recommended that
- the RTM be employed as the technique for providing the definitive measurement
- results.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBB.1\ \(em\ Section\ I\ \(em\fR \fITest methods for the mode field diameter
- of\fR
- \fIsingle\(hymode fibres\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1\ \ \fIReference test method for the mode field diameter of single\(hymode\fR
- \fIfibres\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode field diameter may be determined in the far\(hyfield
- domain from the far field intensity distribution, \fIF\fR \u2\d(\fIq\fR
- ), from the knife\(hyedge transmission function, \fIK\fR (\fIx\fR ), or
- from the complementary aperture power transmission function, \(*a\ (\fIx\fR
- ); in the offset join domain from the
- square of the autocorrelation function, \fIT\fR (\(*d); in the near\(hyfield
- domain from the near\(hyfield intensity distribution, \fIf\fR \u2\d(\fIr\fR
- ); according to
- the equivalent definitions shown in \(sc\ A.1 in Annex\ A to
- Recommendation\ G.652.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.1\ \ \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For\(hynear field measurements, the magnifying optics are required to create
- an image of the output end of the fibre in the plane of the detector.
- For offset joint measurements a means of traversing one fibre end face
- across another is required. For the three far\(hyfield measurements, appropriate
- scanning devices are required.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.2\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The light source shall be stable in position, intensity and
- wavelength over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement
- procedure. The spectral characteristics of the source should be chosen to
- preclude multimode operation.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.3\ \ \fIModulation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve
- the signal/noise ratio at the receiver. If such a procedure is adopted, the
- detector should be linked to a signal processing system synchronous to the
- source modulation frequency. The detecting system should have substantially
- linear sensitivity characteristics.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.4\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launching conditions used must be sufficient to excite the
- fundamental (\fILP\fR\d0\\d1\u) mode. For example, suitable launching techniques
- could be:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- jointing with a fibre,
- .LP
- b)
- launching with a suitable system of optics.
- .PP
- Care should be taken that higher order modes do not propagate. For this
- purpose it may be necessary to introduce a loop of suitable radius or
- another mode filter in order to remove higher order modes.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.5\ \
- \fICladding mode strippers\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Precautions shall be taken to prevent the propagation and detection of
- cladding modes.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.6\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be
- measured. Primary fibre coating shall be removed from the section of the
- fibre inserted in the mode stripper, if used. The fibre ends shall be clean,
- smooth and perpendicular to fibre axes. It is recommended that the end
- faces be flat and perpendicular to the fibre axes to within\ 1\(de. For
- the offset joint
- technique, the fibre will be cut into two approximately equal lengths.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.7\ \ \fIOffset or scan apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Due to the characteristically narrower near\(hyfield intensity
- distributions and wider far\(hyfield intensity distributions of G.653\ fibres
- compared with G.652\ fibres, additional precautions must be taken as detailed
- below.
- .PP
- One of the following shall be used:
- .RT
- .LP
- I
- \fIFar\(hyfield domain\fR
- .LP
- a)
- \fIFar field scan system\fR
- .LP
- A mechanism to scan the far\(hyfield intensity distribution
- shall be used (for example, a scanning photodetector with pinhole aperture
- or a scanning pig\(hytailed photodetector). The scan may be either angular
- or linear. The detector should be at least 20\ mm from the fibre end, and
- the detector's
- active area should not subtend too large an angle in the far field. This
- can be assured by placing the detector at a distance from the fibre end
- greater than 20\fIwb\fR /\(*l, where 2\fIw\fR is the expected mode field
- diameter of the fibre to
- be measured, and\ \fIb\fR is the diameter of the active area of the detector.
- The
- scan
- half\(hyangle should be 25\(de or greater. Alternatively, the scan should
- extend to at least \(em50\ dB of the zero\(hyangle intensity.
- .bp
- .LP
- b)
- \fIKnife\(hyedge assembly\fR
- .LP
- A mechanism to scan a knife\(hyedge linearly in a direction
- orthogonal to the fibre axis and to the edge of the blade is required. Light
- transmitted by the knife\(hyedge is collected and focused onto the detector.
- The collection optics should have a NA of\ 0.4 or greater.
- .LP
- c)
- \fIAperture assembly\fR
- .LP
- A mechanism containing at least twelve apertures spanning
- the half\(hyangle range of numerical apertures from\ 0.02 to\ 0.4 should
- be used.
- Light transmitted by the aperture is collected and focused onto the detector.
- .LP
- II
- \fIOffset joint domain\fR
- .LP
- \fITraversing joint\fR
- .LP
- The joint shall be constructed such that the relative offset of the fibre
- axes can be adjusted. A means of measuring the offset to within
- 0.1\ \(*mm is recommended. The optical power transmitted through the traversing
- joint is measured by a detector. Particular care should be taken with regard
- to the precision and accuracy of the offset apparatus.
- .LP
- III
- \fINear\(hyfield domain\fR
- .LP
- \fINear\(hyfield imaging optics\fR
- .LP
- Magnifying optics (e.g., a microscope objective) shall be employed to
- enlarge and focus an image of the fibre near field onto the plane of a
- scanning detector (for example, a scanning photodetector with a pinhole
- aperture or a scanning pig\(hytailed photodetector). The numerical aperture and
- magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
- resolution. For calibration, the magnification of the optics should have
- been measured by scanning the length of a specimen whose dimensions are
- indepently known with sufficient accuracy.
- .LP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The NA of the collecting optics in I\ b) and I\ c)
- must be large enough not to affect the measurement results.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.8\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be used. The detector must have linear
- characteristics.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.9\ \ \fIAmplifier\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An amplifier should be employed in order to increase the signal
- level.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.10\ \ \fIData acquisition\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measured signal level shall be recorded and processed according to
- the technique used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.11\ \ \fIMeasurement procedure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned with the launch beam, and
- the output end of the fibre shall be aligned to the appropriate output
- device.
- .PP
- One of the following procedures should be followed.
- .RT
- .LP
- I
- \fIFar\(hyfield domain\fR
- .LP
- a)
- By scanning the detector in fixed steps, the far\(hyfield
- intensity distribution \fIF\fR \u2\d(\fIq\fR ) is measured, and the mode field
- diameter is calculated from \(sc\ A.1, Equation\ (1) in Annex\ A.
- .LP
- b)
- The power transmitted by the knife\(hyedge is measured as a
- function of knife\(hyedge position. This function, \fIK\fR (\fIx\fR ),
- is differentiated and the mode field diameter is found from \(sc\ A.1,
- Equation\ (2) in Annex\ A.
- .LP
- c)
- The power transmitted by each aperture, \fIP\fR (\fIx\fR ), is measured,
- and the complementary aperture transmission function,
- \fIa\fR (\fIx\fR ), is found as:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIa\fR (\fIx\fR ) = 1 \(em
- @ { fIP\fR (\fIx\fR ) } over { fIP~\dmax~\u\fR } @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIP\fR\d\fIm\fR\\d\fIa\fR\\d\fIx\fR\u | is the power transmitted by the
- largest aperture and\ \fIx\fR is the aperture radius. The mode field diameter
- is
- computed from \(sc\ A.1, Equation\ (3) in Annex\ A.
- .bp
- .LP
- II
- \fIOffset joint domain\fR
- .LP
- By offsetting the joint transversely in discrete steps, the power transmission
- coefficient \fIT\fR (\(*d), is measured, and the mode field
- diameter is calculated from \(sc\ A.1, Equation\ (4) in Annex\ A.
- .LP
- III
- \fINear\(hyfield domain\fR
- .LP
- The near field of the fibre is enlarged by the magnifying
- optics and focused onto the plane of the detector. The focusing shall be
- performed with maximum accuracy, in order to reduce dimensional errors
- due to the scanning of a defocused image. The near field intensity distribution,
- \fIf\fR \u2\d(\fIr\fR ), is scanned and the mode field diameter is calculated
- from \(sc\ A.1, Equation\ (5) in Annex\ A. Alternatively, the near field
- intensity
- distribution
- \fIf\fR \u2\d(\fIr\fR ) may be transformed into the far field domain using
- a Hankel transform and the resulting transformed far field \fIF\fR \u2\d(\fIq\fR
- ) may be
- used to compute the mode field diameter from \(sc\ A.1, Equation\ (1) in
- Annex\ A.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2.12\ \ \fIPresentation of the results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Measurement technique used, including test set\(hyup
- arrangement, dynamic range of the measurement system, processing algorithms,
- and a description of the imaging, offsetting, or scanning devices used.
- .LP
- b)
- If the offset joint technique is used, the employed fitting method should
- be indicated (including the scan angle or NA, if applicable).
- .LP
- c)
- Launching conditions.
- .LP
- d)
- Wavelength and spectral linewidth FWHM of the source.
- .LP
- e)
- Fibre identification and length.
- .LP
- f
- )
- Type of cladding mode stripper and filter (if
- applicable).
- .LP
- g)
- Magnification of the apparatus (if applicable).
- .LP
- h)
- Type and dimensions of the detector.
- .LP
- i)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (when necessary).
- .LP
- j)
- Indication of the accuracy and repeatability.
- .LP
- k)
- Mode field diameter.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ As with other test methods, the apparatus and procedure
- given above cover only the essential basic features of the reference test
- method. It is assumed that the detailed instrumentation will incorporate all
- necessary measures to ensure stability, noise elimination, signal\(hyto\(hynoise
- ratio,\ etc.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBB.2\ \(em\ Section\ II\ \(em\fR \fITest methods for the geometrical
- characteristics\fR \fIexcluding the mode field diameter\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1\ \ \fIReference test method: The\fR
- \fItransmitted near\(hyfield\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.1\ \ \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The transmitted near\(hyfield technique shall be used for the
- measurement of the geometrical characteristics of single\(hymode optical
- fibres. Such measurements are performed in a manner consistent with the
- relevant
- definitions.
- .PP
- The measurement is based on the scanning of the magnified image(s) of the
- output end of the fibre under test over the cross\(hysection(s) where the
- detector is placed.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy1/G.652.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.1\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A nominal 1550 nm light source for illuminating the core shall be used.
- The light source shall be adjustable in intensity and stable in position,
- intensity and wavelength over a time period sufficiently long to complete
- the measurement procedure. The spectral characteristics of this source
- should be
- chosen to preclude multimode operation. A second light source with similar
- characteristics can be used, if necessary, for illuminating the cladding.
- The spectral characteristics of the second light source must not cause
- defocussing of the image.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.2\ \ \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch optics, which will be arranged to overfill the fibre,
- will bring a beam of light to a focus on the flat input end of the fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.3\ \ \fIMode filter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In the measurement, it is necessary to assure single\(hymode operation
- at the measurement wavelength. In these cases, it may be necessary to introduce
- a bend in order to remove the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.4\ \
- \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable cladding mode stripper shall be used to remove the
- optical power propagating in the cladding. When measuring the geometrical
- characteristics of the cladding only, the cladding mode stripper shall
- not be present.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.5\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be
- measured. The fibre ends shall be clean, smooth and perpendicular to fibre
- axis.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.6\ \
- \fIMagnifying optics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnifying optics shall consist of an optical
- system (e.g., a microscope objective) which magnifies the specimen output
- near\(hyfield, focussing it onto the plane of the scanning detector. The
- numerical aperture and hence the resolving power of the optics shall be
- compatible with the measuring accuracy required, and not lower than\ 0.3. The
- magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
- resolution, and shall be recorded.
- .PP
- Image shearing techniques could be used in the magnifying optics to
- facilitate accurate measurements.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The validity of the image shearing technique is under
- study, and needs to be confirmed.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.7\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be employed which provides the
- point\(hyto\(hypoint intensity of the transmitted near\(hyfield pattern(s).
- For example, any of the following techniques can be used:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- scanning photodetector with pinhole aperture;
- .LP
- b)
- scanning mirror with fixed pinhole aperture and
- photodetector;
- .LP
- c)
- scanning vidicon, charge coupled devices or other
- pattern/intensity recognition devices.
- .PP
- The detector shall be linear (or shall be linearized) in behaviour over
- the range intensities encountered.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.8\ \ \fIAmplifier\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An amplifier may be employed in order to increase the signal level. The
- bandwidth of the amplifier shall be chosen according to the type of
- scanning used. When scanning the output end of the fibre with mechanical or
- optical systems, it is customary to modulate the optical source. If such a
- procedure is adopted, the amplifier should be linked to the source modulation
- frequency.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.9\ \ \fIData acquisition\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measured intensity distribution can be recorded, processed and presented
- in a suitable form, according to the scanning technique and to the
- specification requirements.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.1.3\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.3.1\ \ \fIEquipment calibration\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For the equipment calibration the magnification of the magnifying optics
- shall be measured by scanning the image of a specimen whose dimensions
- are already known with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be
- recorded.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.3.2\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned with the launch beam, and
- the output end of the fibre shall be aligned to the optical axis of the
- magnifying optics. For transmitted near field measurement, the focussed
- image(s) of the output end of the fibre shall be scanned by the detector,
- according to the specification requirements. The focussing shall be performed
- with maximum accuracy, in order to reduce dimensional errors due to the
- scanning of a defocussed image. The desired geometrical parameters are then
- calculated according to the definitions.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.4\ \ \fIPresentation of the results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement, with indication of the scanning
- technique used;
- .LP
- b)
- launching conditions;
- .LP
- c)
- spectral characteristics of the source(s);
- .LP
- d)
- fibre identification and length;
- .LP
- e)
- type of mode filter (if applicable);
- .LP
- f
- )
- magnification of the magnifying optics;
- .LP
- g)
- type and dimensions of the scanning detector;
- .LP
- h
- )
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions
- (when necessary);
- .LP
- i)
- indication of the accuracy and repeatability;
- .LP
- j)
- resulting dimensional parameters, such as
- cladding diameters, cladding non\(hycircularities, mode field
- concentricity error,\ etc.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFIGURE B\(hy1/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2\ \ \fIAlternative test method: the\fR
- \fIrefracted near\(hyfield\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This technique is described in Recommendation G.651. The decision levels
- on the various refractive index difference interfaces are defined
- as:
- .RT
- .LP
- Core/cladding
- 50%
- .LP
- Cladding/index matching fluid
- 50%
- .PP
- Geometry analyses consistent with the terms in Annex A, G.652, can be achieved
- by raster scanning of the input light spot.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3\ \ \fIAlternative test method: the\fR
- \fIside\(hyview method\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The validity of the side\(hyview method for Recommendation G.653
- fibres needs to be confirmed.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The side\(hyview method is applied to single\(hymode fibres to determine
- geometrical parameters (mode field concentricity error (MFCE)), cladding
- diameter and cladding non\(hycircularity) by measuring the intensity distribution
- of light that is refracted inside the fibre.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in Figure
- B\(hy2/G.652.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2.1\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The emitted light shall be collimated, adjustable in intensity and stable
- in position, intensity and wavelength over a time period sufficiently
- long to complete the measuring procedure. A stable and high intensity light
- source such as a light emitting diode (LED) may be used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2.2\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen to be measured shall be a short length of single\(hymode fibre.
- The primary fibre coating shall be removed from the observed section of
- the fibre. The surface of the fibre shall be kept clean during the
- measurement.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2.3\ \
- \fIMagnifying optics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnifying optics shall consist of an optical system (e.g., a microscope
- objective) which magnifies the intensity distribution of refracted light
- inside the fibre onto the plane of the scanning detector. The observation
- plane shall be set at a fixed distance forward from the fibre axis. The
- magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
- resolution and shall be recorded.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2.4\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be employed to determine the magnified
- intensity distribution in the observation plane along the line perpendicular
- to the fibre axis. A vidicon or charge coupled device can be used. The
- detector
- must have linear characteristics in the required measuring range. The
- detector's resolution shall be compatible with the desired spatial
- resolution.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2.5\ \ \fIData processing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A computer with appropriate software shall be used for the
- analysis of the intensity distributions.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.3.3\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.3.1\ \ \fIEquipment calibration\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For equipment calibration the magnification of the magnifying
- optics shall be measured by scanning the length of a specimen whose dimensions
- are already known with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be
- recorded.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.3.2\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The test fibre is fixed in the sample holder and set in the
- measuring system. The fibre is adjusted so that its axis is perpendicular to
- the optical axis of the measuring system.
- .PP
- Intensity distributions in the observation plane along the line
- perpendicular to the fibre axis (a\ \(em\ a\ `\
- in\ A\ , in Figure\ B\(hy2/G.652) are
- recorded (shown as\ B\ ) for different viewing directions, by rotating
- the fibre around its axis, keeping the distance between the fibre axis
- and the
- observation plane constant. Cladding diameter and the central position
- of the fibre are determined by analyzing the symmetry of the diffraction
- pattern
- (shown as\ b\ ). The central position of the core is determined by analyzing
- the intensity distribution of converged light (shown as\ c\ ). The distance
- between the central position of the fibre and that of the core corresponds
- to the
- nominal observed value of MFCE.
- .PP
- As shown in Figure B\(hy3/G.652, fitting the sinusoidal function to the
- experimentally obtained values of the MFCE plotted as a function of the
- rotation angle, the actual MFCE is calculated as the product of the maximum
- amplitude of the sinusoidal function and magnification factor with respect
- to the lens effect due to the cylindrical structure of the fibre. The cladding
- diameter is evaluated as an averaged value of measured fibre diameters at each
- .PP
- rotation angle, resulting in values for maximum and minimum diameters to
- determine the value of cladding non\(hycircularity according to the
- definition.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 27P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy2/G.652, p.4\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 21P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy3/G.652, p.5\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.3.3\ \ \fIPresentation of the results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test arrangement;
- .LP
- b)
- fibre identification;
- .LP
- c)
- spectral characteristics of the source;
- .LP
- d)
- indication of repeatability and accuracy;
- .LP
- e)
- plot of nominal MFCE versus rotation angle;
- .LP
- f
- )
- MFCE, cladding diameter and cladding non\(hycircularity;
- .LP
- g)
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4\ \ \fIAlternative test method: the\fR
- \fItransmitted near\(hyfield image\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.1\ \ \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The transmitted near\(hyfield image technique shall be used for the
- measurement of the geometrical characteristics of single\(hymode optical
- fibres. Such measurements are performed in a manner compatible with the
- relevant
- definitions.
- .PP
- The measurement is based on analysis of the magnified image(s) of the output
- end of the fibre under test.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy4/G.652.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.1\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The light source for illuminating the core shall be adjustable in intensity
- and stable in position and intensity over a time period sufficiently long
- to complete the measurement procedure. A second light source with similar
- characteristics can be used, if necessary, for illuminating the cladding.
- The spectral characteristics of the second light source must not cause
- defocussing of the image.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.2\ \ \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch optics, which will be arranged to overfill the fibre,
- will bring the beam of light to a focus on the flat input end of the
- fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.3\ \
- \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable cladding mode stripper shall be used to remove the
- optical power propagating in the cladding. When measuring the geometrical
- characteristics of the cladding only, the cladding mode stripper shall
- not be present.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.4\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be
- measured. The fibre ends shall be clean, smooth and perpendicular to the
- fibre axis.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.5\ \
- \fIMagnifying optics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnifying optics shall consist of an optical system (e.g., a microscope
- objective) which magnifies the specimen output near field. The
- numerical aperture and hence the resolving power of the optics shall be
- compatible with the measuring accuracy required, and not lower than\ 0.3. The
- magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
- resolution, and shall be recorded.
- .PP
- Image shearing techniques could be used in the magnifying optics to
- facilitate accurate measurements.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.6\ \ \fIDetection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The fibre image shall be examined and/or analyzed. For example,
- either of following techniques can be used:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- image shearing
- .FS
- The validity of the image shearing
- technique is under study and needs to be confirmed.
- .FE
- ;
- .LP
- b)
- grey\(hyscale analysis of an electronically recorded
- image.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.2.7\ \ \fIData acquisition\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The data can be recorded, processeed and presented in a suitable
- form, according to the technique and to the specification requirements.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.4.3\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.3.1\ \ \fIEquipment calibration\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For the equipment calibration the magnification of the magnifying optics
- shall be measured by scanning the image of a specimen whose dimensions
- are already known with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be
- recorded.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.3.2\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned with the launch beam, and
- the output end of the fibre shall be aligned to the optical axis of the
- magnifying optics. For transmitted near\(hyfield measurement, the focussed
- image(s) of the ouput end of the fibre shall be examined according to the
- specification requirements. Defocussing errors should be minimized to reduce
- dimensional errors in the measurement. The desired geometrical parameters
- are then calculated.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4.4\ \ \fIPresentation of the results\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement, with indication of the technique
- used;
- .LP
- b)
- launching conditions;
- .LP
- c)
- spectral characteristics of the source;
- .LP
- d)
- fibre identification and length;
- .LP
- e)
- magnification of the magnifying optics;
- .LP
- f
- )
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (when necessary);
- .LP
- g)
- indication of the accuracy and repeatibility;
- .LP
- h)
- resulting dimensional parameters, such as cladding
- diameters, cladding non\(hycircularities, mode field concentricity error,\ etc.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy4/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBB.3\ \(em\ Section\ III\ \(em\fR \fITest methods for the\fR
- \fIcut\(hyoff
- wavelength\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1
- \fIReference test method for the cut\(hyoff wavelength (\(*l\fI\d\fIc\fR\u\fI)\fR
- \fIof the primary coated fibre: the\fR
- \fItransmitted power technique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fR B.3.1.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This cut\(hyoff wavelength measurement of single\(hymode fibres is
- intended to assure effective single\(hymode operation above a specified
- wavelength.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2\ \ \fIThe transmitted power technique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This method uses the variation with wavelength of the transmitted power
- of a short length of the fibre under test, under defined conditions,
- compared to a reference transmitted power. There are two possible ways to
- obtain this reference power:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the test fibre with a loop of smaller radius, or
- .LP
- b)
- a short (1\(hy2\ m) length of multimode fibre.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1.1\ \
- \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A light source with linewidth not exceeding 10 nm (FWHM), stable in position,
- intensity and wavelength over a time period sufficient to complete
- the measurement procedure, and capable of operating over a sufficient
- wavelength range, shall be used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1.2\ \ \fIModulation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve
- the signal/noise ratio at the receiver. If such a procedure is adopted, the
- detector should be linked to a signal processing system synchronous to the
- source modulation frequency. The detecting system should be substantially
- linear.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1.3\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launching conditions must be used in such a way to excite
- substantially uniformly both \fILP\fR\d0\\d1\uand\ \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umodes.
- For example, suitable launching techniques could be:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- jointing with a multimode fibre, or
- .LP
- b)
- launching with a suitable large spot \(em large NA
- optics.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1.4\ \
- \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cladding mode stripper is a device that encourages the
- conversion of cladding modes to radiation modes; as a result, cladding modes
- are stripped from the fibre. Care should be taken to avoid affecting the
- propagation of the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\u\ mode.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.1.5\ \
- \fIOptical detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be used so that all of the radiation
- emerging from the fibre is intercepted. The spectral response should be
- compatible with the spectral characteristics of the source. The detector
- must be uniform and have linear sensitivity.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.2\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.2.1\ \ \fIStandard test sample\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measurement shall be performed on a 2\ m length of fibre.
- The fibre is inserted into the test apparatus and bent to form a loosely
- constrained loop. The loop shall complete one full turn of a circle of
- 140\ mm radius. The remaining part of the fibre shall be substantially
- free of external stresses. While some incidental bends of larger radii
- are permissible, they
- must not introduce a significant change in the measurement result. The ouput
- power\ \fIP\fR\d1\u\ (\(*l) shall be recorded versus\ \(*l in a sufficiently
- wide range
- around the expected cut\(hyoff wavelength.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The presence of a primary coating on the fibre usually
- does not affect the cut\(hyoff wavelength. However, the presence of a secondary
- coating may result in a cut\(hyoff wavelength that may be significantly
- shorter than
- that of the primary coated fibre.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.2.2\ \ \fITransmission through the reference sample\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Either method a) or b) may be used.
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Using the test sample, and keeping the launch conditions
- fixed, an output power \fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l) is measured over the same wavelength
- range with at least one loop of sufficiently small radius in the test sample
- to
- filter the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode. A typical value for the radius of this
- loop is
- 30\ mm.
- .LP
- b)
- With a short (1\(hy2 m) length of multimode fibre, an output
- power\ \fIP\fR\d3\u\ (\(*l) over the same wavelength range.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The presence of leaky modes may cause ripple in the
- transmission spectrum of the multimode reference fibre, affecting the result.
- To reduce this problem, light\(hylaunching conditions may be restricted
- to fill
- only 70% of the multimode fibre's core diameter and NA or a suitable mode
- filter may be used.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1.2.2.3\ \ \fICalculations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The logarithmic ratio between transmitted powers \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) and
- \fIP\fR\fI\d\fIi\fR\u\ (\(*l) is calculated as:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIR\fR (\(*l) = 10 log [\fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l)/\fIP\fR\d\fIi\fR\u(\(*l)]
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where
- .PP
- \fIi\fR \ =\ 2 or 3, methods a) or b) respectively.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ In method a) the small mode filter fibre loop eliminates
- all modes except the fundamental for wavelengths greater than a few tens
- of nm
- below the cut\(hyoff wavelength\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u. For wavelengths
- more than several hundred nm above\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u, even the fundamental
- mode may be strongly
- attenuated by the loop. \fIR\fR (\(*l) is equal to the logarithmic ratio
- between the total power emerging from the sample, including the\ \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode
- power, and the fundamental mode power. When the modes are uniformly excited
- in accordance with\ B.1.2.1.3, \fIR\fR (\(*l) then also yields the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode
- attenuation\ \fIA\fR (\(*l) in dB in the test sample:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR (\(*l) = 10 log [(\fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l)/\fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l) \(em 1)/2]
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- B.3.1.2.2.4\ \ \fIDetermination of cut\(hyoff wavelength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- If method a) is used, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\u | is determined as the
- largest wavelength at which \fIR\fR (\(*l) is equal to 0.1\ dB (see
- Figure\ B\(hy5/G.652).
- .PP
- If method\ b) is used, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\uis determined by the intersection
- of a plot of \fIR\fR (\(*l) and a straight line\ (2) displaced 0.1\ dB
- and parallel to the straight line\ (1) fitted to the long wavelength portion
- of \fIR\fR (\(*l)
- (see Figure\ B\(hy6/G.652).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ According to the definition, the \fILP\fR\d1\\d1\umode
- attenuation in the test sample is 19.3\ dB at the cut\(hyoff wavelength.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.1.2.2.5\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement;
- .LP
- b)
- launching condition;
- .LP
- c)
- type of reference sample;
- .LP
- d)
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions
- (if necessary);
- .LP
- e)
- fibre identification;
- .LP
- f
- )
- wavelength range of measurement;
- .LP
- g)
- cut\(hyoff wavelength;
- .LP
- h)
- plot of \fIR\fR (\(*l) (if required).
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.2\ \ \fIAlternative test method for \(*l\fI
- \fIsplit\(hymandrel\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR through B.3.2.2.1.5 \fIOptical detector\fR (as
- in B.3.1.1\fR through B.3.1.2.1.5)
- .bp
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.2.2\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.2.2.1\ \ \fIStandard test sample\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 15P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy5/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 15P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy6/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- The measurement shall be performed on a 2 m length of fibre. The fibre
- is inserted into the test apparatus and bent to form a loosely
- constrained loop. The loop shall contain a full turn (360\ degrees) consisting
- of two arcs (180\ degrees each) of 140\ mm radius connected by tangents.
- The
- remaining part of the fibre shall be substantially free of external stresses.
- .PP
- While some incidental bends of larger radii are permissible, they must not
- introduce a significant change in the measurement result. The output power\fR
- \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) shall be recorded versus\ \(*l in a sufficiently wide
- range around the expected cut\(hyoff wavelength.
- .PP
- As shown in Figure B\(hy7/G.652, the lower semicircular mandrel moves to
- take any slack from the fibre loop without requiring movement of the launch
- or receive optics or placing the fibre sample under any significant tension.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.2.2.2 through B.3.2.2.2.5 (as in B.3.1.2.2.2 through B.3.1.2.2.5)
- .bp
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 22P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy7/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB
- B.3.3
- \fIReference test method for the cut\(hyoff wavelength\fR
- \fI(\(*l\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u\fI) of the cable fibre: the\fR
- \fItransmitted power\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.1
- \fIObjective\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This cut\(hyoff wavelength measurement which is performed on cabled
- single\(hymode fibres in a deployment condition which stimulates outside plant
- minimum cable lengths, is intended to assure effective single\(hymode operation
- above a specified wavelength.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2\ \ \fIThe transmitted power technique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This method uses the variation with wavelength of the transmitted power
- of the fibre cable under test, under defined conditions, compared to a
- reference transmitted power. There are two possible ways to obtain this
- reference power.
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the cabled test fibre with a loop of smaller radius;
- .LP
- b)
- a short (1\(hy2\ m) length of multimode fibre.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1.1\ \ \fILight source\fR (as in B.3.1.2.1.1)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1.2\ \ \fIModulation\fR (as in B.3.1.2.1.2)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1.3\ \ \fILaunching conditions\fR (as in B.3.1.2.1.3)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1.4\ \ \fICladding mode stripper\fR (as in B.3.1.2.1.4)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.1.5\ \ \fIOptical detector\fR (as in B.3.1.2.1.5)
- .bp
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2.1\ \ \fIStandard test sample\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measurement shall be performed on a length of single\(hymode fibre
- in a cable. A cable length of 22\ m shall be prepared by exposing 1\ m
- uncabled fibre length at each end, and the resulting 20\ m cabled portion
- shall be laid without any small bends which could affect the measurement
- value. To simulate the effects of a splice organizer, one loop of XX\ mm
- radius shall be applied to each uncabled fibre length (see Figure\ B\(hy8/G.652).
- While some incidental bends of larger radii are permissible in the fibre
- or cable, they must not introduce a significant change in the measurements.
- The output power\ \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) shall be recorded versus\ \(*l in
- a sufficiently wide range around the expected cut\(hyoff
- wavelength.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The value of XX is under study. Several Administrations
- indicated that a value of 45\ mm is appropriate. The loops are intended to
- simulate deployment conditions, and should be chosen according to the practice
- of a particular Administration. One option to be considered is deleting
- the
- loops, if that is the Administration's practice.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2.2\ \fITransmission through the reference sample\fR (as in B.1.2.2.2)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2.3\ \ \fICalculations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The logaritmic ratio between the transmitted powers \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l)
- and \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) is calculated as
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- \fIR\fR (\(*l) = 10 log
- [\fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l)/\fIP\fR\d\fIi\fR\u(\(*l)] \ \ \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (1)
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIi\fR \ =\ 2 or 3 for methods a) or b), respectively.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2.4\ \ \fIDetermination of cabled fibre cut\(hyoff wavelength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- If method a) is used, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\u | is determined as
- the largest
- wavelength at which \fIR\fR (\(*l) is equal to 0.1\ dB (see Figure\ B\(hy5). If
- method\ b)
- is used, \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIc\fR\uis determined by the intersection
- of a plot of
- \fIR\fR (\(*l) and a straight line\ (2) displaced 0.1\ dB and parallel to the
- straight line\ (1) fitted to the long wavelength portion of\ \fIR\fR (\(*l)\
- see
- Figure\ B\(hy6).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2.2.5\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangment (including the radius XX of the
- loops);
- .LP
- b)
- launching condition;
- .LP
- c)
- type of reference sample;
- .LP
- d)
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary);
- .LP
- e)
- fibre and cable identification;
- .LP
- f
- )
- wavelength range of measurement;
- .LP
- g)
- cabled fibre cut\(hyoff wavelength, and plot of \fIR\fR (\(*l)
- (if required);
- .LP
- h)
- plot of \fIR\fR (\(*l) (if required).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 11P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy8/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- \fBB.4\ \(em\ Section\ IV\ \(em\fR \fITest methods for attenuation measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.1\ \ \fIIntroduction\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- B.4.1.1\ \ \fIObjectives\fR
- .PP
- The attenuation tests are intended to provide a means whereby a
- certain attenuation value may be assigned to a fibre length such that
- individual attenuation values may be added together to determine the total
- attenuation of a concatenated length.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.1.2\ \ \fIDefinition\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The attenuation \fIA\fR (\(*l) at wavelength\ \(*l between two
- cross\(hysections and separated by distance \fIL\fR of a fibre\fR is defined,
- as
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR (\(*l) = 10 log [\fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l)/\fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l)]\ \ \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (1)
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) is the optical power traversing the cross\(hysection
- 1 and
- \fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l) is the optical power traversing the
- cross\(hysection\ 2 at the
- wavelength\ \(*l.
- .PP
- For a uniform fibre, it is possible to define an attenuation per unit length,
- or an attenuation coefficient which is dependent of the length of the fibre:
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- \(*a(\(*l) = \fIA\fR (\(*l)/\fIL\fR \ \ \ \ (dB/unit of length)
- .ce 0
- .ad r
- (2)
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- .sp 1
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Attenuation values specified for factory lengths should
- be measured at room temperature (i.e., a single value in the range
- 10\ to 35 | (deC).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2\ \ \fIThe reference test method: the\fR
- \fIcut\(hyback technique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cut\(hyback technique is a direct application of the definition
- in which the power levels\ \fIP\fR\d1\uand\ \fIP\fR\d2\uare measured at
- two points of the fibre without change of input conditions. \fIP\fR\d2\uis
- the power emerging from
- the far end of the fibre and\ \fIP\fR\d1\uis the power emerging from a
- point near
- the input after cutting the fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurements may be made at one or more spot wavelengths, or
- alternatively, a spectral response may be required over a range of wavelengths.
- Diagrams of suitable test equipments are shown as examples in
- Figure\ B\(hy9/G.652.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.1\ \
- \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable radiation source shall be used, such as a lamp, laser or light
- emitting diode. The choice of source depends upon the type of measurement.
- The source must be stable in position, intensity and wavelength over a
- time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure. The
- spectral linewidth (FWHM) shall be specified such that the linewidth is
- narrow compared with any features of the fibre spectral attenuation.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.2\ \ \fIModulation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve
- the signal/noise ratio at the receiver. If such a procedure is adopted, the
- detector should be linked to a signal processing system synchronous to the
- source modulation frequency. The detecting system should be substantially
- linear.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.3\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launching conditions used must be sufficient to excite the
- fundamental mode. For example, suitable launching techniques could
- be:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- jointing with a fibre,
- .LP
- b)
- launching with a suitable system of optics.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.4\ \ \fIMode filter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Care must be taken that higher order modes do not propagate through the
- cut\(hyback length. In these cases, it may be necessary to introduce a
- bend in order to remove the higher modes.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.5\ \ \fR \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A cladding mode stripper encourages the conversion of cladding
- modes to radiation modes; as a result, cladding modes are stripped from the
- fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1.6\ \
- \fIOptical detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be used so that all of the radiation
- emerging from the fibre is intercepted. The spectral response should be
- compatible with spectral characteristics of the source. The detector must be
- uniform and have linear characteristics.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.2\ \ \fIMeasurement procedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- B.4.2.2.1\ \ \fIPreparation of fibre under test\fR
- .PP
- Fibre ends shall be substantially clean, smooth, and perpendicular to the
- fibre axis. Measurements on uncabled fibres shall be carried out with
- the fibre loose on the drum,\ i.e., microbending effects shall not be introduced
- by the drum surface.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.2.2\ \ \fIProcedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The fibre under test is placed in the measurements set\(hyup. The output
- power\ \fIP\fR\d2\uis recorded.
- .LP
- 2)
- Keeping the launching conditions fixed, the fibre is cut to
- the cut\(hyback length (for example, 2\ m from the launching point). The
- cladding mode stripper, when needed, is refitted and the output power\
- \fIP\fR\d1\ufrom the cut\(hyback length is recorded.
- .LP
- 3)
- The attenuation of the fibre, between the points where\ \fIP\fR\d1\uand\
- \fIP\fR\d2\uhave been measured, can be calculated from the definition
- using\ \fIP\fR\d1\uand\ \fIP\fR\d2\u.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.2.3\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement, including source type, source
- wavelength, and linewidth (FWHM);
- .LP
- b)
- fibre identification;
- .LP
- c)
- length of sample;
- .LP
- d)
- attenuation of the sample quoted in dB;
- .LP
- e)
- attenuation coefficient quoted in dB/km;
- .LP
- f
- )
- indication of accuracy and repeatability;
- .LP
- g)
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions
- (if necessary).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3\ \ \fIFirst alternative test method; the\fR
- \fIbackscattering\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ This test method describes a procedure to measure the
- attenuation of a homogenous sample of single\(hymode optical fibre cable. The
- technique can be applied to check the optical continuity, physical defects,
- splices, backscattered light of optical fibre cables and the length of the
- fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.1\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch beam shall be coaxially incident on the launch end of
- the fibre; various devices such as index matching materials can be used to
- reduce Fresnel reflections. The coupling loss shall be minimized.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2\ \ \fIApparatus and procedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.1\ \ \fIGeneral considerations\fR
- .PP
- The signal level of the backscattered optical signal will normally be small
- and close to the noise level. In order to improve the signal\(hyto\(hynoise
- ratio and the dynamic measuring range it is therefore customary to use
- a high power light source in connection with signal processing of the detected
- signal. Further, accurate spatial resolution may require adjustment of
- pulse width in order to obtain a compromise between resolution and pulse
- energy. Special care should be taken to minimize the Fresnel reflections.
- .PP
- Care must be taken that higher order modes do not propagate.
- .PP
- An example of apparatus is shown in Figure\ B\(hy10a/G.652.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.2\ \
- \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A stable high power optical source of an appropriate wavelength
- should be used. The wavelength of the source should be registered. The pulse
- width and repetition rate should be consistent with the desired resolution
- and the length of the fibre. Optical non\(hylinear effects should not be
- present in
- the part of the fibre under test.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.3\ \
- \fICoupling device\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The coupling device is needed to couple the source radiation to the fibre
- and the backscattered radiation to the detector, while avoiding a direct
- source\(hydetector coupling. Several devices can be used, but devices based
- on
- polarization effects should be avoided.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.4\ \
- \fIOptical detection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A detector shall be used so that the maximum possible backscattered power
- should be intercepted. The detector response shall be compatible with the
- levels and wavelengths of the detected signal. For attenuation measurements
- the detector response shall be substantially linear.
- .PP
- Signal processing is required to improve the signal to noise ratio,
- and it is desirable to have a logarithmic response in the detection system.
- .PP
- A suitable amplifier shall follow the optical detector, so that the
- signal level becomes adequate for the signal processing. The bandwidth
- of the amplifier will be chosen as a trade\(hyoff between time resolution
- and noise
- reduction.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 33P
- .ad r
- \fBfigure\ B\(hy9/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.5\ \ \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.2.1.5.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.6\ \ \fIProcedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The fibre under test is aligned to the coupling device.
- .LP
- 2)
- Backscattered power is analyzed by a signal processor and
- recorded on a logarithmic scale. Figure
- B\(hy10b/G.652 shows
- such a typical curve.
- .LP
- 3)
- The attenuation between two points A and B of the curve
- corresponding to two cross\(hysections of the fibre is
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- @ pile { { t\fIA\fR (\(*l) } above { ~\fIA\fR~\s6\fIA\fR~\(ra\fIB\fR~\s } } @ =
- [Formula Deleted]
- \dA\u\fR \(em \fIV
- \dB\u\fR )\ \ \ \ (dB)
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIV\fR\d\fIA\fR\uand \fIV\fR\d\fIB\fR\uare the corresponding power
- levels given on a logarithmic scale.
- .LP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Attention must be given to the scattering
- conditions at points\ A and\ B when calculating the attenuation in
- this way.
- .LP
- 4)
- If so required, bi\(hydirectional measurements can be made,
- together with numerical computation to improve the quality of the result and
- possibly to allow the separation of attenuation from backscattering
- factor.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2.7\ \ \fIResults\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- measurement types and characteristics;
- .LP
- b)
- launching techniques;
- .LP
- c)
- test set\(hyup arrangement;
- .LP
- d)
- relative humidity and temperature of the sample
- (when necessary);
- .LP
- e)
- fibre identification;
- .LP
- f
- )
- length of sample;
- .LP
- g)
- rise time, width and repetition rate of the pulse;
- .LP
- h)
- kind of signal processing used;
- .LP
- i)
- The recorded curve on a logarithmic scale, with the
- attenuation of the sample, and under certain conditions the
- attenuation coefficient in dB/km.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The complete analysis of the recorded curve
- (Figure\ B\(hy10b/G.652) shows that, independently from the attenuation
- measurement, many phenomena can be monitored using the backscattering
- technique:
- .LP
- a)
- reflection originated by the coupling device at the input
- end of the fibre;
- .LP
- b)
- zone of constant slope;
- .LP
- c)
- discontinuity due to local defect, splice or coupling;
- .LP
- d)
- reflection due to dielectric defect;
- .LP
- e)
- reflection at the end of the fibre.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.4\ \ \fISecond alternative test method: the\fR
- \fIinsertion loss\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Under consideration.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBB.5\ \(em\ Section\ V\ \(em\fR \fITest methods for chromatic dispersion\fR
- \fIcoefficient measurement\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1\ \ \fIReference test method for\fR
- \fIchromatic dispersion\fR
- \fIcoefficient measurement\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- B.5.1.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR
- .PP
- The fibre chromatic dispersion coefficient is derived from the
- measurement of the relative group delay experienced by the various wavelengths
- during propagation through a known length of fibre.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 39P
- .ad r
- \fBfigure\ B\(hy10/G.652, p.12\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- The group delay can be measured either in the time domain or in
- the frequency domain, according to the type of modulation of the source.
- .PP
- In the former case the delay experienced by pulses at various
- wavelengths is measured; in the latter the phase shift of a sinusoidal
- modulating signal is recorded and processed to obtain the time delay.
- .PP
- The chromatic dispersion may be measured at a fixed wavelength or
- over a wavelength range.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy11/G.652.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.1\ \ \fISource\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The source shall be stable in position, intensity and wavelength
- over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure.
- Laser diodes, LEDs or broadband sources, (e.g. an Nd:YAG laser with a Raman
- fibre) may be used, depending on the wavelength range of the measurement.
- .PP
- In any case, the modulating signal shall be such as to guarantee a
- sufficient time resolution in the group delay measurement.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.2\ \ \fIWavelength selection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A wavelength selector is used to select the wavelength at which the group
- delay is to be measured. Optical switch, monochromator, dispersive
- devices, optical filters, optical coupler, connectors,\ etc., may be used,
- depending on the type of light sources and measurement set\(hyup. The selection
- may be carried out by switching electrical driving signals for different
- wavelength light sources. The wavelength selector may be used either at the
- input or at the output end of the fibre under test.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.3\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The light emerging from the fibre under test, the reference fibre or the
- optical divider\ etc., is coupled to a photo detector whose
- signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio and time resolution are adequate for the measurement.
- The detector is followed by a low noise amplifier if needed.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.4\ \ \fIReference channel\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The reference channel may consist of electrical signal line or
- optical signal line. A suitable time delay generator may be interposed
- in this channel. In certain cases, the fibre under test itself can be used
- as the
- reference channel line.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.5\ \ \fIDelay detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The delay detector shall measure the delay time or the phase shift between
- the reference signal and the channel signal. In the case of sinusoidal
- modulation, a vector voltmeter could be used. In the case of pulse modulation,
- a high speed oscilloscope or a sampling oscilloscope could be used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.2.6\ \ \fISignal processor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A signal processor can be added in order to reduce the noise and/or the
- jitter in the measured waveform. If needed, a digital computer can be used
- for purposes of equipment control, data acquisition and numerical evaluation
- of the data.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.3\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The fibre under test is suitably coupled to the source and to the detector
- through the wavelength selector or the optical divider,\ etc. If
- needed,
- a calibration of the chromatic delay of the source may be performed. A
- suitable compromise between wavelength resolution and signal level must
- be achieved.
- Unless the fibre under test is also used as the reference channel line, the
- temperature of the fibre must be sufficiently stable during the measurement.
- .PP
- The time delay or phase shift between the reference signal and the
- channel signal at the operating wavelength are to be measured by the delay
- detector. Data processing appropriate to the type of modulation is used in
- order to obtain the chromatic dispersion coefficient at the operating
- wavelength. When needed, a spectral scan of the group delay versus wavelength
- can be performed; from the measured values a fitting curve can be completed.
- .bp
- .PP
- The measured group delay per unit fibre length versus wavelength shall
- be fitted by the quadratic expression:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*t(\(*l) = \(*t\d0\u+
- [Formula Deleted]
- (\(*l \(em \(*l\d0\u)\u2\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \(*t\d0\uis the relative delay minimum at the zero\(hydispersion
- wavelength\ \(*l\d0\u. The chromatic dispersion coefficient
- \ \fID\fR (\(*l) = \fId\fR \(*t/\fId\fR \(*l can be determined from the
- differentiated quadratic expression:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fID\fR (\(*l) = (\(*l \(em \(*l\d0\u)\fIS\fR\d0\u
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where \fIS\fR\d0\uis the (uniform) zero\(hydispersion slope, i.e., the
- value of the
- dispersion slope
- \fIS\fR (\(*l) = \fIdD\fR /\fId\fR \(*l at \(*l\d0\u.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ These equations for \(*t(\(*l) and \fID\fR (\(*l) are
- sufficiently accurate over the 1500\(hy1600\ nm range. They are not meant to be
- used in the 1300\ nm region.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Alternatively, the chromatic dispersion coefficient
- can be measured directly, for example by the differential phase shift method.
- In this case, a straight line shall be fitted directly to the dispersion
- coefficient
- for determining\ \(*l\d0\uand\ \fIS\fR\d0\u.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.1.4\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement;
- .LP
- b)
- type of modulation used;
- .LP
- c)
- source characteristics;
- .LP
- d)
- fibre identification and length;
- .LP
- e)
- characteristics of the wavelength selector (if present);
- .LP
- f
- )
- type of photodetector;
- .LP
- g)
- characteristics of the delay detector;
- .LP
- h)
- values of the zero\(hydispersion wavelength and the
- zero\(hydispersion slope.
- .LP
- If the frequency domain technique is used, the time group
- delay\ \(*t will be deduced from the corresponding phase
- shift\ \(*f through the relation\ \(*t\ =\ \(*f/(2\(*p\fIf\fR ),
- \fIf\fR \ being the modulation frequency;
- .LP
- i)
- fitting procedures of relative delay data with the used
- fitting wavelength range;
- .LP
- j)
- temperature for the sample and environment conditions (if
- necessary).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 16P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy11/G.652, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.5.2\ \ \fIAlternative test method for chromatic dispersion coefficient\fR
- \fImeasurement: the\fR
- \fIinterferometric test method\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.1\ \ \fIObjective\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The interferometric test method allows the dispersion to be
- measured, using a short piece of fibre (several metres). This offers the
- possibility of measuring the longitudinal chromatic dispersion homogeneity
- of optical fibres. Moreover, it is possible to test the effect of overall
- or local influences, such as temperature changes and macrobending losses,
- on the
- chromatic dispersion.
- .PP
- According to the interferometric measuring principle, the
- wavelength\(hydependent time delay between the test sample and the reference
- path is measured by a Mach\(hyZehnder interferometer. The reference path can be
- an air path or as a single\(hymode fibre with known spectral group
- delay.
- .PP
- It should be noted that the extrapolation of the chromatic
- dispersion values derived from the interferometric test on fibres of a few
- metres length, to long fibre sections assumes longitudinal homogeneity
- of the fibre. This assumption may not be applicable in every case.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Schematic diagrams of the test apparatus using a reference fibre
- and an air path reference are shown in Figures\ B\(hy12/G.652 and\ B\(hy13/G.652
- respectively.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.1\ \ \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The source should be stable in position, intensity and wavelength for a
- time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure.
- The source must be suitable,\ e.g. a YAG laser with a Raman fibre or a lamp
- and LED optical sources\ etc. For the application of lock\(hyin amplification
- techniques, a light source for low\(hyfrequency modulation (50\ to 500\ Hz) is
- sufficient.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.2\ \ \fIWavelength selector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A wavelength selector is used to select the wavelength at which the group
- delay is measured. A monochromator, optical interference filter, or other
- wavelength selector may be used depending on the type of optical sources
- and
- measurement systems. The wavelength selector may be used either at the
- input or the output end of the fibre under test.
- .PP
- The spectral width of the optical sources is to be restricted by the dispersion
- measuring accuracy, and it is about\ 2 to 10\ nm.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.3\ \ \fIOptical detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The optical detector must have a sufficient sensitivity in that
- wavelength range in which the chromatic dispersion has to be determined. If
- necessary, the received signal has to be upgraded, with for example a
- transimpedance circuit.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.4\ \ \fITest equipment\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For the recording of the interference patterns, a lock\(hyin amplifier
- may be used. Balancing of the optical length of the two ways of the
- interferometer is performed with one linear positioning device in the
- reference path. Concerning the positioning device, attention should be paid
- to the accuracy, uniformity and stability of linear motion. The variation of
- the length should cover the range from 20\ to 100\ mm with an accuracy
- of about 2\ \(*mm.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.5\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen for the test can be uncabled and cabled single\(hymode
- fibres. The length of the specimen should be in the range 1\ m to 10\ m.
- The accuracy of the length should be about \(+- | \ mm. The preparation
- of the fibre endfaces should be carried out with reasonable care.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.2.6\ \ \fIData processing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For the analysis of the interference patterns, a computer with
- suitable software should be used.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.3\ \ \fITest procedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The fibre under test is placed in the measurement set\(hyup
- (Figures\ B\(hy12/G.652,\ B\(hy13/G.652). The positioning of the endfaces
- is carried
- out with 3\(hydimensional micro\(hypositioning devices by optimizing the
- optical
- power received by the detector. Errors arising from cladding modes are not
- possible.
- .LP
- 2)
- The determination of the group delay is performed by
- balancing the optical lengths of the two interferometer paths with one
- linear positioning device in the reference path for different wavelengths.
- The
- difference between position\ \fIx\fR\d\fIi\fR\uof the maximum of the interference
- pattern for wavelength\ \(*l\fI\fI\d\fIi\fR\uand position\ \fIx\fR\d0\u(Figure\
- B\(hy14/G.652) determines
- the group delay difference ?63\fIt\fR\d\fIg\fR\u\ (\(*l\fI\fI\d\fIi\fR\u)
- between the reference path and the test path as follows:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIt\fR\d\fIg\fR\u(\(*l\fI\fI\d\fIi\fR\u) =
- @ { fIx\fR\d0\u\(em~\fIx\fR\d\fIi\fR\ } over { fIc\fR\d0\ } @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIc\fR\d0\u | is the velocity of light in the vacuum. The group
- delay of the test sample is calculated by adding the value
- ?63\fIt\fR\d\fIg\fR\u\ (\(*l\fI\fI\d\fIi\fR\u) and the spectral group delay
- of the reference
- path. Dividing this sum by the test fibre length then gives the measured
- group delay per unit length\ \(*t(\(*l) of the test fibre.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 27P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy12/G.652, p.14\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 23P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy13/G.652, p.15\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 24P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy14/G.652, p.16\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- The measured group delay per unit fibre length versus wavelength shall
- be fitted by the quadratic expression
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*t(\(*l) = \(*t\d0\u+
- [Formula Deleted]
- (\(*l \(em \(*l\d0\u)\u2\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \(*t\d0\u | is the relative delay minimum at the zero\(hydispersion
- wavelength\ \(*l\d0\u. The chromatic dispersion coefficient
- \fID\fR (\(*l)\ =\ \fId\fR \(*t/\fId\fR \(*l can be determined from the
- differentiated quadratic expression:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- D\fR (\(*l) = (\(*l \(em \(*l\d0\u)\fIS\fR\d0\u
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIS\fR\d0\uis the (uniform) zero\(hydispersion slope, i.e., the
- value of the
- dispersion slope \fIS\fR (\(*l) = \fIdD\fR /\fId\fR \(*l at \(*l\d0\u.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ These equations for \(*t(\(*l) and \fID\fR (\(*l) are
- sufficiently accurate over the 1500\(hy1600\ nm range. They are not meant to be
- used in the 1300\ nm region.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.5.2.4\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- test set\(hyup arrangement;
- .LP
- b)
- source characteristics;
- .LP
- c)
- fibre identification and length;
- .LP
- d)
- characteristics of the wavelength selector (if present);
- .LP
- e)
- type of the photodetector;
- .LP
- f
- )
- values of the zero\(hydispersion wavelength and the
- zero\(hydispersion slope;
- .LP
- g)
- fitting procedures of relative delay date with the used
- fitting wavelength range;
- .LP
- h
- )
- temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 26P
- .LP
- \fBMONTAGE:\ \fR REC.\ G.653 SUR LE RESTE DE CETTE PAGE
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
-