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- .rs
- .\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
- .\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
- .\"
- .\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
- .TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
- .ds CH
- .ds CF
- .EQ
- delim @@
- .EN
- .nr LL 40.5P
- .nr ll 40.5P
- .nr HM 3P
- .nr FM 6P
- .nr PO 4P
- .nr PD 9p
- .po 4P
-
- .rs
- \v'24P'
- \fB6.3\fR \
- \fBSubmarine cables\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The Recommendations in this Subsection relate to the
- specifications for submarine cables. The Recommendations concerning systems
- are in Subsection\ 3.7.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Supplement\ No.\ 11 contains documentation on the cable ships used in various
- countries.
- .PP
- Supplement No.\ 18 contains information on submarine cables used in
- deep water.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.631\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.631''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.631 %'
- .ce 1000
- \fBTYPES\ OF\ SUBMARINE\ CABLE\ TO\ BE\ USED\ FOR\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBWITH\ LINE\ FREQUENCIES\ OF\ LESS\ THAN\ ABOUT\ 45\ MHz\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1976)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecognizing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that the special complications of cable repair in the case of
- submarine cable systems laid in deep water (i.e.\ at depths where there is no
- need to use armoured cables) justify measures which would reduce the number
- of cable types with which repair ships have to deal;
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIappreciating\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- at the same time that system designers require flexibility in the
- choice of cables in order to optimize the overall cost per unit length of
- individual systems;
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecognizing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that the most significant cable characteristics
- in determining whether any two cables may be joined together are:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the inner diameter of the outer conductor,
- .LP
- \(em
- the characteristic impedance of the cable,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that for submarine systems handling line frequencies up to
- 45\ MHz the cable used in the deep water sections of such systems should
- conform with the limits set out in Table\ 1/G.631.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.631]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 1/G.631
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
- {
- Inner diameter of outer conductor
- } 25.0\(hy25.5 mm 37.0\(hy38.5 mm 43.2 mm
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
- Characteristic impedance 43\(hy46 ?73 {
- a) 53\(hy54 ?73
- b) 60\(hy62 ?73
- } {
- a) 49\(hy50 ?73
- b) 53\(hy54 ?73
- c) 60\(hy62 ?73
- }
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 1/G.631 [T1.631], p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .IP
- \fB6.4\ \fR \fBWaveguides\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.641\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBWAVEGUIDE\ DIAMETERS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.641''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.641 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1976)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (a)
- that large waveguides have advantages of lower basic
- attenuation and allow increased repeater spacings on relatively straight
- routes, but are more costly to manufacture and are more critical in laying
- requirements;
- .PP
- (b)
- that small diameter waveguides are cheaper, more
- tolerant of bends and less critical in laying requirements\ \(em\ thus offering
- advantages in urban areas or rough terrains\ \(em\ but require closer spacing
- of
- repeaters;
- .PP
- (c)
- that optimization of waveguide diameter for a specific case is a complex
- matter involving such aspects as a detailed analysis of the particular
- route involved, relative production and laying costs for various
- possible types and diameters of waveguide, relative costs of the types and
- varying number of repeaters required, and overall reliability targets;
- .PP
- (d)
- that it is appropriate to minimize wasteful
- proliferation by standardizing a small number of waveguide diameters,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that waveguide inner diameters should be chosen, as appropriate, from the
- series\ 30, 40, 50, 51, 60 and 70\ mm.
- .bp
- .IP
- \fB6.5\ \fR \fBOptical fibre cables\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.651\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBCHARACTERISTICS\ OF\ A\ 50/125\ \(*mm\ MULTIMODE\ GRADED\ INDEX\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.651''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.651 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBOPTICAL\ FIBRE\ CABLE\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; amended at Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering that\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (a)
- graded index multimode optical fibre cables will be used
- widely in future telecommunication networks;
- .PP
- (b)
- the foreseen potential applications may require
- multimode fibres differing in:
- .LP
- \(em
- nature of material,
- .LP
- \(em
- geometrical characteristics,
- .LP
- \(em
- operating wavelength region(s),
- .LP
- \(em
- transmission and optical characteristics,
- .LP
- \(em
- mechanical and environmental aspects,
- .PP
- (c)
- Recommendations on different kinds of multimode fibres can be prepared
- when practical use studies have sufficiently progressed,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIrecommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- a graded index, multimode fibre, which may be used in the region of 850\
- nm or in the region of 1300\ nm or alternatively may be used in both
- wavelength regions simultaneously.
- .PP
- This fibre can be used for analogue and for digital transmission.
- .PP
- Its geometrical, optical, and transmission characteristics are
- described below.
- .PP
- The meaning of the terms used in this Recommendation is given in
- Annex\ A and the guidelines to be followed in the measurements to verify the
- various characteristics are indicated in Annex\ B.
- .PP
- Annexes A and B may become separate Recommendations as additional
- multimode fibre Recommendations are agreed upon.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBFibre characteristics\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The fibre characteristics dealt with in \(sc 1 are those which ensure the
- interconnection of fibres with acceptable low losses.
- .PP
- Only the intrinsic fibre characteristics (not depending on the cable manufacture)
- are recommended in \(sc\ 1. They will apply equally to individual
- fibres, fibres incorporated into a cable wound on a drum, and fibres in
- installed cables.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.1
- \fIGeometrical characteristics of the fibre\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1.1
- \fICore diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended nominal value of the core diameter is 50\ \(*mm.
- .PP
- The core diameter deviation should not exceed the limits of \(+- | %
- (\(+-3\ \(*mm).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1.2
- \fICladding diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended nominal value of the cladding diameter is
- 125\ \(*mm.
- .PP
- The cladding diameter deviation should not exceed the limits
- of \(+-\ 2.4% (\(+-3\ \(*mm).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1.3
- \fIConcentricity error\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended concentricity error should be less than 6%.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.1.4
- \fINon\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1.4.1
- \fICore non\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended core non\(hycircularity should be less than 6%.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1.4.2
- \fICladding non\(hycircularity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The recommended cladding non\(hycircularity should be less
- than 2%.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.2
- \fIOptical properties of the fibre\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.2.1
- \fIRefractive index profile\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For fibres dealt with in this Recommendation, the refractive index profiles
- are expected to be near parabolic.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.2.2
- \fINumerical aperture\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The optimum value of the numerical aperture
- (NA) will depend on the particular application for
- which the fibre is to be used and in particular on the source coupling
- efficiency required, the increased attenuation due to microbending effects
- which can be tolerated, and the overall baseband response required.
- .PP
- Values commonly employed in practice lie within the range 0.18\(hy0.24.
- .PP
- Whatever actual value is employed should not differ from the chosen
- nominal value by more than 0.02.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.3
- \fIMaterial properties of the fibre\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.3.1
- \fIFibre materials\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The substances of which the fibres are made should be
- indicated.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Care may be needed in fusion splicing fibres of different
- substances. Provisional results indicate that adequate splice loss and
- strength can be achieved when splicing different high\(hysilica fibres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.3.2
- \fIProtective materials\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The physical and chemical properties of the material used for the fibre
- primary coating, and the best way of removing it (if necessary), should
- be indicated. In the case of a single\(hyjacketed fibre similar indications
- shall be given.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBFactory length specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Since the geometrical and optical characteristics of fibres are
- barely affected by the cabling process, \(sc\ 2 will give recommendations
- mainly
- relevant to transmission characteristics of cable factory lengths.
- .PP
- Transmission characteristics depend greatly on the wavelength used to convey
- the information.
- .PP
- Environmental and test conditions are paramount and are described in the
- guidelines for test methods.
- .PP
- The transmission characteristics of fibres will have a statistical
- probability distribution which will be a function of the design and
- manufacturing processes. The specification of limits for the transmission
- characteristics must therefore take this distribution into account. For
- instance for certain applications a particular limit may not embrace 100% of
- the production and indeed may only represent a very small fraction of the
- total production. Economic considerations will play a large part in the
- deciding of specification limits for particular applications.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fIAttenuation coefficient\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Optical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally
- have attenuation coefficients in the 850\ nm region below 4\ dB/km and in the
- 1300\ nm region below\ 2\ dB/km.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The lowest values of the attenuation coefficient
- depend on the fabrication process, fibre composition and fibre and cable
- design; values in the range of 2\(hy2.5\ dB/km in the 850\ nm region and
- 0.5\(hy0.8\ dB/km in the
- 1300\ nm region have been achieved.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ In certain cases, fibres could be used in both wavelength
- regions.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIBaseband response\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The baseband response includes both modal distortion and
- chromatic dispersion effects. For certain applications the effects of
- chromatic dispersion are negligible and can be ignored.
- .PP
- The baseband response is presented in the frequency domain.
- Administrations wishing to use the time domain will still be able to do
- so by means of mathematical operations. For this purpose the amplitude
- and phase
- response should be available.
- .PP
- By convention, the baseband response is linearly referred
- to\ 1\ km.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2.1
- \fIModal distortion bandwidth: amplitude response\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The modal bandwidth amplitude response is specified in the form of \(em3\
- dB optical (\(em6\ dB electrical) points of the bandwidth of the total
- amplitude/frequency curve corrected for chromatic dispersion. A more complete
- curve of the total bandwidth response should also be given.
- .PP
- Optical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have
- normalized modal distortion bandwidths greater than\ 200\ MHz | (mu | m
- in the 850\ nm region and in the 1300\ nm region, but not necessarily simultaneously.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The upper values of the normalized modal distortion
- bandwidth depend on the fabrication process, fibre composition and fibre and
- cable design; values greater than\ 1000\ MHz | (mu | m in the 850\ nm region
- and
- 2000\ MHz | (mu | m in the 1300\ nm region have been achieved.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ In certain cases, fibres could be used in both wavelength
- regions.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2.2
- \fIModal distortion bandwidth: phase response\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- No recommended value is given as phase response information is only required
- in special cases.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2.3
- \fIChromatic dispersion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- When required, the manufacturer of the optical fibres should
- indicate the chromatic dispersion coefficient values of the fibre type
- in the operating wavelength region(s). The test method is contained in
- Annex\ B,
- section\ V, to Recommendation\ G.652.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ For multimode fibres the dominant chromatic dispersion
- mechanism is material dispersion.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Typical values of the chromatic dispersion coefficient
- for high grade silica optical fibres are the following:
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.651]\fR
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- Wavelength (nm) {
- Chromatic dispersion
- coefficient
- [ps/(nm\(mukm)]
- }
- _
- .T&
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- \ 850 \(= 120
- .T&
- cw(60p) | cw(72p) .
- 1300 \(= \ \ 6
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable [T1.651],p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBElementary cable sections\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- An elementary cable section as defined in Recommendation G.601
- (term\ 1008) usually includes a number of spliced factory lengths. The
- requirements for factory lengths are given in \(sc\ 2 of this Recommendation.
- The transmission parameters for elementary cable sections must take into
- account
- not only the performance of the individual cable lengths but also, amongst
- other factors, such things as splices, connectors (if applicable) and mode
- coupling effects which can affect bandwidth and attenuation.
- .PP
- In addition the transmission characteristics of the factory length
- fibres as well as such items as splices and connectors etc., will all have a
- certain probability distribution which often needs to be taken into account
- if the most economic designs are to be obtained. The following sub\(hyparagraphs
- in this section should be read with this statistical nature of the various
- parameters in mind.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIAttenuation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The attenuation A of an elementary cable section is given
- by
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR =
- @ pile { fIm\fR above sum above \fIn\fR~=1 } @ \(*a\fI
- \dn\u\fR \(mu \fIL
- \dn\u\fR + \fIa
- \ds\u\fR \(mu \fIx\fR + \fIa
- \dc\u\fR \(mu
- \fIy\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where
- .LP
- \(*a\fI\fI\d\fIn\fR\u =
- attenuation coefficient of nth fibre in elementary
- cable section,
- .LP
- \fIL\fR\d\fIn\fR\u =
- length of nth fibre,
- .LP
- \fIm\fR =
- total number of concatenated fibres in elementary cable
- section,
- .LP
- \fIa\fR\d\fIs\fR\u =
- mean splice loss,
- .LP
- \fIx\fR =
- number of splices in elementary cable section,
- .LP
- \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u =
- mean loss of line connectors,
- .LP
- \fIy\fR =
- number of line connectors in elementary cable section if
- provided.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The losses \fIa\fR\d\fIs\fR\uand \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\uof
- splices and line
- connectors are generally defined in equilibrium mode distribution conditions.
- In operating conditions appreciable differences may occur.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The above expression does not include the loss of
- equipment connectors.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ In the overall design of a system, allowance must
- be made for a suitable cable margin for future modifications of cable configurations
- (additional splices, extra cable lengths, ageing effects, temperature
- variations, etc.).
- .PP
- \fINote\ 4\fR \ \(em\ The mean loss is taken for the loss of splices and
- connectors. The attenuation budget used in designing an actual system should
- account for the statistical variations in these parameters.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fIBaseband response (overall \(em3\ dB optical bandwith)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The baseband response is given in the frequency domain and
- includes the effects of both modal distortion and chromatic dispersion and
- can be represented by the expression:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIB
- \dT\u\fR =
- @ left [ \fIB\fR~\s7modal~.PS~10~\u\(em2~\d~+~\fIB\fR~\s7chromatic~.PS~10~\u\(em2~\d right ] @
- \u\(em
- [Formula Deleted]
- \d
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where
- .LP
- \fIB\fR\d\fIT\fR\u\ =
- overall bandwidth (including modal
- distortion and chromatic dispersion),
- .LP
- \fIB\fR \s7modal
- .PS 10
- \ =
- modal distortion
- bandwidth,
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIB\fR \s7chromatic
- .PS 10
- \ =
- chromatic
- dispersion bandwidth (see Note\ 3).
- .RT
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Both the fibre modal distortion baseband response
- and the source spectrum are assumed to be Gaussian.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ For certain applications the effect of chromatic
- dispersion is negligible, in which case chromatic dispersion can be ignored.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ \fIB\fR \s7chromatic
- .PS 10
- , the chromatic bandwidth, is inversely
- proportional to the section length and, if the source spectrum is assumed
- to be Gaussian, can be expressed as:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIB\fR \s7chromatic
- .PS 10
- (MHz) = (\(*D\(*l \(mu \fID\fR (\(*l) \(mu 10
- \u\(em6
- \d \(mu
- \fIL\fR /0.44)
- \u\(em1
- \d
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where
- .LP
- \(*D\(*l
- =
- FWHM source line width (nm),
- .LP
- \fID\fR (\(*l)
- =
- chromatic dispersion coefficient
- [ps/(nm | (mu | m)],
- .LP
- \fIL\fR =
- section length (km).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2.1
- \fIModal distortion bandwidth\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The modal distortion bandwidth values for individual cable lengths in an
- elementary cable section are obtained from the relevant fibre
- specification. However, the overall modal distortion bandwidth of the
- elementary cable section may not be a linear addition of the individual
- responses due to mode coupling and other effects at splices and, sometimes,
- along the length of the fibre.
- .PP
- The modal distortion bandwidth for an elementary cable section is
- therefore given by:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIB\fR \s7modal
- total
- .PS 10
- =
- @ left { pile { fIx\fR above sum above 1 } \fIB\fR~\s7modal~\fIn\fR~.PS~10~\u { (em1 } over { (*g } \d~ right } @
- \u\(em \(*g\d
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where
- .LP
- \fIB\fR \s7modal
- total
- .PS 10
- =
- overall modal distortion bandwidth of an elementary cable section,
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIB\fR \s7modal
- \fIn\fR .PS 10
- =
- modal distortion bandwidth of nth fibre in elementary cable section,
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIx\fR =
- total number of concatenated fibres in elementary cable
- section,
- .LP
- \(*g
- =
- modal distortion bandwidth concatenation factor.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The value of \(*g, the modal distortion bandwidth
- concatenation factor, is typically in the range\ 0.5 to\ 1.0 depending on the
- effects of mode coupling at splices, alpha profile compensation, wavelength
- of maximum bandwidth\ etc. Values below this range can also be obtained
- in
- certain circumstances. For a given fibre, the appropriate value of \(*g which
- should be employed can be empirically derived, and can usually be obtained
- from the fibre/cable manufacturer.
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation G.651)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBMeaning of the terms used in the Recommendation\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .LP
- A.1
- \fBalternative test method (ATM)\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- A test method in which a given characteristic of a specified class of optical
- fibres or optical fibre cables is measured in a manner consistent
- with the definition of this characteristic and gives results which are
- reproducible and relatable to the reference test method and to practical
- use.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2
- \fBattenuation coefficient\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In an optical fibre it is the attenuation per unit
- length.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The attenuation is the rate of decrease of average optical
- power with respect to distance along the fibre and is defined by the
- equation:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR (\fIz\fR ) = \fIP\fR (0) 10
- \u\(em(\(*a\fIz\fR /10)
- \d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where
- .LP
- \fIP\fR (\fIz\fR )
- =
- power at distance \fIz\fR along the fibre,
- .LP
- \fIP\fR (0)
- =
- power at \fIz\fR = 0,
- .LP
- \(*a
- =
- attenuation coefficient in dB/km if \fIz\fR is
- in km.
- .bp
- .PP
- From this equation the attenuation coefficient is
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*a = \(em
- @ { 0~log~\d10~\u~[\fIP\fR (\fIz\fR )/\fIP\fR (0)] } over { fIz\fR } @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- This assumes that \(*a is independent of \fIz\fR .
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.3
- \fBbandwidth (of an optical fibre)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- That value numerically equal to the lowest frequency at which the magnitude
- of the baseband transfer function of an optical fibre decreases to a specified
- fraction, generally to \(em3\ dB optical (\(em6\ dB eletrical), of the
- zero frequency value.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The bandwidth is limited by several mechanisms: mainly
- modal distortion and chromatic dispersion in multimode fibres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.4
- \fBchromatic dispersion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The spreading of a light pulse in an optical fibre caused by the different
- group velocities of the different wavelengths composing the source
- spectrum.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The chromatic dispersion may be due to one or more of the
- following: material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, profile dispersion.
- Polarization dispersion does not give appreciable effects in
- circularly\(hysymmetric fibres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.5
- \fBchromatic dispersion coefficient\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The chromatic dispersion per unit source spectrum width and unit length
- of fibre. It is usually expressed in\ ps/(nm | (mu | m).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6
- \fBcladding\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- That dielectric material of an optical fibre surrounding the
- core.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.7
- \fBcladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A device that encourages the conversion of cladding modes to
- radiation modes.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.8
- \fBcore\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The central region of an optical fibre through which most of the optical
- power is transmitted.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.9
- \fBcore area\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For a cross section of an optical fibre the area within which the refractive
- index everywhere (excluding any index dip) exceeds that of the
- innermost homogeneous cladding by a given fraction of the difference between
- the maximum of the refractive index of the core and the refractive index
- of the innermost homogeneous cladding.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The core area is the smallest cross\(hysectional area
- of a fibre
- excluding any index dip, which is contained within the locus of points where
- the refractive index\ \fIn\fR\d3\uis given by
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d3\u =
- \fIn\fR\d2\u\ +\ \fIk\fR \ (\fIn\fR\d1\u\ \(em\ \fIn\fR\d2\u) (see Figure\
- A\(hy1/G.651)
- .LP
- where:
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d1\u =
- maximum refractive index of the core,
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d2\u =
- refractive index of the innermost homogenous
- cladding,
- .LP
- \fIk\fR =
- a constant.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Unless otherwise specified, a \fIk\fR value of 0.05 is
- assumed.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 31P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy1/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.10
- \fBcore (cladding) centre\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For a cross\(hysection of an optical fibre it is the centre of that circle
- which best fits the outer limit of the core area (cladding).
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ These centres may not be the same.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The method of best fitting has to be specified.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.11
- \fBcore (cladding) diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The diameter of the circle defining the core (cladding)
- centre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.12
- \fBcore (cladding) diameter deviation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The difference between the actual and the nominal values of the
- core (cladding) diameter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.13
- \fBcore/cladding concentricity error\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The distance between the core centre and the claddling centre
- divided by the core diameter.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.14
- \fBcore (cladding) tolerance field\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For a cross\(hysection of an optical fibre it is the region between the
- circle circumscribing the core (cladding) area and the largest circle,
- concentric with the first one, that fits into the core (cladding) area. Both
- circles shall have the same centre as the core (cladding).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.15
- \fBfour concentric circles near field template\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A template comprising four concentric circles applied to a near
- field radiation pattern from a fibre.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The template is normally used as a global check of the
- acceptability of the various geometrical parameters of the fibre in one
- simple process.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.16
- \fBfour concentric circles refractive index template\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A template comprising four concentric circles applied to a
- complete refractive index profile of the fibre.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The template is normally used as a global check of the
- acceptability of the various geometrical parameters of the fibre in one
- simple process.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.17
- \fBmaximum theoretical numerical aperture\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A theoretical value of numerical aperture calculated using the
- values of refractive index of the core and cladding given by:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fINA
- \dt\fR | ax\fI
- \u\fR = (\fIn\fR \d1\u
- \u2\d \(em \fIn\fR \d2\u
- \u2\d)
- \u
- [Formula Deleted]
- \d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d1\u=\ maximum refractive index of the core,
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d2\u=\ refractive index of the innermost homogeneous
- cladding.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The relationship between NA (\(sc\ A.21) and
- \fINA
- \dt\fR | ax\fI
- \u\fR is given in Section\ I of Annex\ B, \(sc\ B.2.2.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.18
- \fBmode filter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A device designed to accept or reject a certain mode or
- modes.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.19
- \fBmode scrambler; mode mixer\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A device for inducing transfer of power between modes in an
- optical fibre, effectively scrambling the modes.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Frequently used to provide a mode distribution that is
- independent of source characteristics.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.20
- \fBnon\(hycircularity of core (cladding)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The difference between the diameters of the two circles defined by the
- core (cladding) tolerance field divided by the core (cladding)
- diameter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.21
- \fBnumerical aperture\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The numerical aperture NA is the sine of the vertex half\(hyangle of the
- largest cone of rays that can enter or leave the core of an optical fibre,
- multiplied by the refractive index of the medium in which the vertex of
- the
- cone is located.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.22
- \fBreference surface\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cylindrical surface of an optical fibre to which reference is made
- for jointing purposes.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The reference surface is typically the cladding or primary
- coating surface. In rare circumstances it could be the core surface.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.23
- \fBreference test method (RTM)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A test method in which a given characteristic of a specified class of optical
- fibres or optical fibre cables is measured stricly according to the definition
- of this characteristic and which gives results which are accurate, reproducible
- and relatable to practical use.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.24
- \fB(refractive) index profile\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The distribution of the refractive index along a diameter of an
- optical fibre.
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ B
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation G.651)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBTest methods\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- Both reference and alternative test methods are usually given in this Annex
- for each parameter and it is the intention that both the RTM and the ATM
- may be suitable for normal product acceptance purposes. However,
- when using an ATM, should any discrepancy arise, it is recommended that
- the RTM be employed as the technique for providing the definitive measurement
- results.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- \fBSection\ I\ \(em\fR \fIReference test method and alternative test\fR
- \fImethod for geometrical and optical parameters\fR
- \fImeasurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.1
- \fIIntroduction\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It is assumed that the geometrical and optical parameters, which
- are the subject of this Recommendation, would be measured only in the factory
- or in the laboratories of certain Administrations wishing to verify these
- parameters for system design or other purposes. Hence, it is anticipated
- that the measurements will be conducted either on sample fibre lengths
- or on
- samples extracted from cable factory lengths.
- .PP
- The core diameter and non\(hycircularity are defined using the refractive
- index profile as a basis. The remaining parameters can be derived from
- the
- refractive index profile. Hence, it follows that all the geometrical and
- optical parameters that are the subject of this Recommendation, and their
- tolerances as appropriate, can be obtained by one single basic test.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.1\ \ \fIThe\fR
- \fIfour circle tolerance field\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A simple means of verifying the geometrical parameters of the fibre is
- the \*Q
- four circle tolerance field
- \*U method. This does not constitute an additional requirement on the fibre
- geometrical characteristics, but is an alternative global check of these
- characteristics. If any inconsistency appears between this method and the
- check of the individual characteristics, the latter will constitute the
- reference.
- .PP
- The \*Qfour circle tolerance field\*U method is based on the template
- shown in Figure\ B\(hy1/G.651 where the two concentric circles concerning
- the core (whose diameter is \fID\fR\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIo\fR\u) have diameters
- respectively of
- \fID\fR\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIo\fR\u\ \(em\ 4\ \(*mm and \fID\fR\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIo\fR\u\
- +\ 4\ \(*mm and the two concentric circles
- concerning the cladding (whose diameter is \fID\fR\d\fIC\fR\\d\fIL\fR\u)
- have diameters
- respectively of \fID\fR\d\fIC\fR\\d\fIL\fR\u\ \(em\ 5\ \(*mm and \fID\fR\d\fIC\fR\\d\fIL\fR\u\
- +\ 5\ \(*mm. This method can be applied to data obtained either by the
- Reference Test Method (four concentric circle refractive index template)
- or by the Alternative Test Method (four
- concentric circle near field template).
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 23P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy1/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1.2\ \
- \fIIntrinsic quality factor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The maximum theoretical NA, core diameter, concentricity error, and core
- non\(hycircularity deviate simultaneously in ways that can either compound
- or compensate one another. To properly account for these effects, a theoretical
- splice loss can be calculated, using the values of these geometrical and
- optical parameters measured by existing test methods. Either a Gaussian or
- steady\(hystate distribution of power\ vs. angle may be assumed. The intrinsic
- quality factor (IQF) can be calculated as the mean of the theoretical splice
- losses in the two directions when the test fibre is spliced to a nominal
- fibre with zero misalignment of the reference surfaces. A value of IQF
- of\ 0.27\ dB is compatible with the individual tolerances recommended in
- section\ 1 of
- Recommendation\ G.651. If any inconsistency appears between the IQF method
- and the check of the individual characteristics, the latter will constitute
- the
- reference.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.2\ \ \fIGeometrical characteristics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The core diameter and the cladding diameter of the fibre under
- test, as well as the core and cladding centres, can be determined from an
- adequate number of points suitably distributed on the core/cladding and
- on the cladding boundaries respectively.
- .PP
- If a raster scan is adopted, a higher number of points should be
- selected, in order to guarantee a sufficiently regular distribution.
- .PP
- The concentricity error can be evaluated from the distance between the
- core and cladding centres.
- .PP
- Core and cladding non\(hycircularities can be determined from the
- tolerance field.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2
- \fIThe\fR
- \fIreference test methods for geometrical parameters and\fR \fIthe alternative
- test method for numerical aperture: the refracted\fR
- \fInear\(hyfield technique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The refracted near\(hyfield measurement is straightforward, accurate and
- gives directly the refractive index variation across the entire fibre (core
- and cladding). The measurement is capable of good resolution and can be
- calibrated to give absolute values of refractive index.
- .bp
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the measurement method is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy2a/G.651. The technique involves scanning a focussed spot of light
- across the end of the fibre. The launch optics are arranged to overfill
- the NA of the fibre. The fibre end is immersed in a liquid of slightly
- higher index
- than the cladding. Part of the light is guided down the fibre and the rest
- appears as a hollow cone outside the fibre. A disc is placed on the axis
- of the core to ensure that only refracted light reaches the detector. The
- detector
- output is amplified and displayed as the y\(hyaxis of an \fIx\(hyy\fR \
- recorder; the
- \fIx\fR \(hyaxis drive is derived from monitoring the position of the focussed
- spot of light on the end of the fibre. A typical index profile of a multimode
- graded
- index fibre is shown in Figure\ B\(hy2b/G.651.
- .PP
- The optical resolution and hence the ability to resolve detail in the profile
- depends on the size of the focussed spot of light. This depends both on
- the numerical aperture of the focussing lens and on the size of the disc.
- However, the position of sharp features can be resolved to much better
- accuracy than this, dependent on stop size for stepped motor systems, or
- position
- monitoring accuracy of analogue drives.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2\ \
- \fINumerical aperture and refractive index difference\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The maximum theoretical numerical aperture is defined
- as:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fINA\fR \d\fIt\fR max
- \u =
- @ sqrt { fIn\fR~\d1\u~\u2\d~\(em~\fIn\fR~\d2\u~\u2\d } @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- The index difference is defined as:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*D\fIn\fR \ =\ \fIn\fR\d1\u\ \(em\ \fIn\fR\d2\u
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The relative index difference is defined as:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*D\ =\ (\fIn\fR\d1\u\ \(em\ \fIn\fR\d2\u)/\fIn\fR\d1\u
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- where
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d1\u=
- maximum refractive index of the fibre core,
- .LP
- \fIn\fR\d2\u=
- refractive index of the innermost cladding.
- .PP
- The values of \fIn\fR\d1\uand \fIn\fR\d2\ucan be determined using the
- refracted near\(hyfield technique, hence \fINA\fR \d\fIt\fR max
- \u, \(*D\fIn\fR
- and\ \(*D.
- .PP
- The maximum theoretical numerical aperture \fINA\fR \d\fIt\fR
- max
- \u, determined in this way can be higher (typically by about\ 5% to\ 7%)
- than the numerical aperture NA determined by the RTM.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy3/G.651.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.1\ \ \fISource\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A stable laser giving a few milliwatts of power in the TEM\do\\do\umode
- is required.
- .PP
- A HeNe laser, which has a wavelength of 633\ nm, may be used, but a
- correction factor must be applied to the results for extrapolation at different
- wavelengths. It shall be noted that measurement at 633\ nm may not give
- complete information at longer wavelengths, in particular non\(hyuniform
- fibre doping can affect the correction.
- .PP
- A quarter\(hywave plate is introduced to change the beam from linear to
- circular polarization because the reflectivity of light at an air\(hyglass
- interface is strongly angle\(hy and polarization\(hydependent.
- .PP
- A pinhole placed at the focus of lens 1 acts as a spatial filter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.2\ \
- \fILaunch conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch optics, which are arranged to overfill the NA of the
- fibre, bring a beam of light to a focus on the flat end of the fibre. The
- optical axis of the beam of light should be within 1\(de of the axis of
- the fibre. The resolution of the equipment is determined by the size of
- the focussed spot, which should be as small as possible in order to maximize
- the resolution,
- e.g.\ less than 1.5\ \(*mm. The equipment enables the focussed spot to
- be scanned
- across the fibre diameter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.3\ \ \fILiquid cell\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The liquid in the liquid cell should have a refractive index
- slightly higher than that of the fibre cladding.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3.4\ \ \fISensing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The refracted light is collected and brought to the detector in any convenient
- manner provided that all the refracted light is collected. By
- calculation the required size of disc and its position along the central
- axis can be determined.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.4\ \ \fIPreparation of fibre under test\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A length of fibre of about 1 metre is required.
- .PP
- Primary fibre coating shall be removed from the section of fibre
- immersed in the liquid cell.
- .PP
- The fibre ends shall be clean, smooth and perpendicular to the fibre axis.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.5\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Refer to the schematic diagram of the test apparatus
- (Figure\ B\(hy3/G.651).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.5.1\ \
- \fIFibre profile plot\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch end of the fibre to be measured is immersed in a liquid cell
- whose refractive index is slightly higher than that of the fibre cladding.
- The fibre is back illuminated by light from a tungsten lamp. Lenses\ 2
- and\ 3
- produce a focussed image of the fibre.
- .PP
- The position of lens 3 is adjusted to centre and focus the fibre
- image, the laser beam is simultaneously centred and focussed on the fibre.
- .PP
- The disc is centred on the output cone. For multimode fibre the disc is
- positioned on the optic axis to just block the leaky modes. Refracted modes
- passing the disc are collected and focussed onto a photodiode.
- .PP
- The focussed laser spot is traversed across the fibre end and a plot of
- fibre refractive index variation is directly obtained.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.5.2\ \ \fIEquipment calibration\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The equipment is calibrated with the fibre removed from the liquid cell.
- During the measurement the angle of the cone of light varies according
- to the refractive index seen at the entry point to the fibre (hence the
- change of power passing the disc). With the fibre removed and the liquid
- index and cell thickness known, this change in angle can be simulated by
- translating the disc along the optic axis. By moving the disc to a number
- of predetermined positions one can scale the profile in terms of relative
- index. Absolute index,
- i.e.\ \fIn\fR\d1\uand\ \fIn\fR\d2\ucan only be found if the cladding or
- liquid index is known accurately at the measurement wavelength and temperature.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.6\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement, wavelength correction procedure
- and indication of the scanning technique used;
- .LP
- b)
- Fibre identification;
- .LP
- c)
- Depending on specification requirements:
- .LP
- i)
- profiles through core cladding centres calibrated for
- the operating wavelength,
- .LP
- ii)
- profiles along the core major and minor axes
- calibrated for the operating wavelength,
- .LP
- iii)
- profiles along the cladding major and minor axes
- calibrated for the operating wavelength,
- .LP
- iv)
- raster scan across the entire fibre, if adopted,
- .LP
- See Appendix I.
- .FE
- v)
- core diameter
- .LP
- vi)
- cladding diameter
- .LP
- vii)
- core/cladding concentricity error,
- .LP
- viii)
- core non\(hycircularity,
- .bp
- .LP
- ix)
- cladding non\(hycircularity,
- .LP
- x)
- maximum theoretical numerical
- aperture: \fINA\fR \d
- \fIt\fR max
- \u,
- .LP
- xi)
- index difference: \(*D\fIn\fR ,
- .LP
- xii)
- relative index difference: \(*D.
- .LP
- d)
- Indication of accuracy and repeatability;
- .LP
- e)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if
- necessary).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 17P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy2a/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 24P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy2b/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 26P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy3/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3
- \fIAlternative test method for geometrical parameters: the\fR
- \fInear\(hyfield technique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The near\(hyfield technique can be used for the measurement of
- geometrical characteristics and of the refractive index profile of multimode
- optical fibres. Such measurements are performed in a manner consistent
- with the definition and the results are reproducible and relatable to the
- reference test method and to practical use.
- .PP
- The measurement is based on the scanning of a magnified image of the output
- and of the fibre under test over a cross\(hysection where the detector
- is placed.
- .PP
- When measuring the geometrical characteristics of the fibre, the four concentric
- circle near\(hyfield template can be applied to an enlarged image of
- the fibre detected with objective evaluation methods, suitable to obtain
- a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. In particular the core diameter
- shall be measured taking into account the same k\ factor agreed for the
- reference test method.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy4/G.651.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.1\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The light source shall be incoherent, adjustable in intensity and stable
- in position, intensity and wavelength over a time period sufficiently
- long to complete the measurement procedure. The full width half maximum
- (FWHM) spectral linewidth, shall be recorded. A second light source can
- be used, if
- necessary, for illuminating the cladding.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.2\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch optics, which will be arranged to overfill the fibre,
- will bring a beam of light to a focus on the flat input end of the fibre.
- .PP
- For 50/125\ \(*mm graded\(hyindex fibres the overfill launching conditions
- are obtained with a light cone whose FWHM intensity measured from the
- near\(hyfield be greater than 70\ \(*mm and whose FWHM in the numerical
- aperture
- (NA) measured from the far\(hyfield be greater than an NA of 0.3.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.3\ \
- \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable cladding mode stripper shall be used to remove the
- optical power propagating in the cladding, and to ensure that all the
- leaky modes are stripped away from the fibre. When measuring the geometrical
- characteristics of the cladding only, the cladding mode stripper shall
- not be present.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.4\ \ \fISpecimen\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be
- measured. Primary fibre coating shall be removed from the section of the
- fibre inserted in the mode stripper. The fibre ends shall be clean, smooth
- and
- perpendicular to the fibre axis.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ This measurement can be done on very short pieces of fibre
- (e.g.\ a few centimetres). In this case the launching conditions shall be
- adjusted to obtain a uniform intensity in the cladding below 15% of the
- maximum light intensity in the core.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.5\ \
- \fIMagnifying optics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnifying optics shall consist in an optical system (e.g.\ a
- microscope objective) which magnifies the specimen output near\(hyfield,
- focussing it onto the plane of the scanning detector. The numerical aperture
- and hence the resolving power of the optics shall be compatible with the
- measuring accuracy required, and not lower than\ 0.3. The magnification
- shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial resolution,
- and shall be
- recorded.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.6\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable detector shall be employed which provides the
- point\(hyto\(hypoint intensity of the magnified near\(hyfield pattern.
- For example, any of the following techniques can be used:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- scanning photodetector with pinhole aperture;
- .LP
- b)
- scanning mirror with fixed pinhole aperture and
- photodetector;
- .LP
- c)
- scanning vidicon, charge coupled devices or other
- pattern/intensity recognition devices.
- .PP
- The detector shall be linear in behaviour (or shall be linearized) over
- the range of intensities encountered. The sensitive area of the detector
- shall be small with respect to the enlarged image of the output end of
- the
- fibre and shall be recorded.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.7\ \ \fIAmplifier\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An amplifier shall be employed in order to increase the signal
- level. The bandwidth of the amplifier shall be chosen accordingly to the
- type of scanning used. When scanning the output end of the fibre with mechanical
- or optical systems, it is customary to modulate the optical source. If
- such a
- procedure is adopted, the amplifier should be linked to the source
- modulation frequency. The detecting system should be substantially linear
- in sensitivity.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.8\ \ \fIData storage\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measured near\(hyfield intensity distribution can be recorded and presented
- in a suitable form, according to the scanning technique and to the
- specification requirements.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.3\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.1\ \ \fIEquipment calibration\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnification of the optical system shall be measured by
- scanning the length of a specimen whose dimensions are already known
- with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be recorded.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3.2\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned to the launch beam,
- and the output end of the fibre shall be aligned to the optical axis of the
- magnifying optics. The focussed image of the output end of the fibre shall
- be scanned by the detector, according to the specification requirements.
- The
- focussing shall be performed with maximum accuracy, in order to reduce
- dimensional errors due to the scanning of a misfocussed image.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.4\ \ \fIPresentation of the results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement, with indication of the scanning
- technique used.
- .LP
- b)
- Launching characteristics (dimension and NA of the
- launching cone).
- .LP
- c)
- Wavelength and FWHM spectral linewidth of the source(s).
- .LP
- d)
- Fibre identification and length.
- .LP
- e)
- Type of cladding mode stripper (if applicable).
- .LP
- f
- )
- Magnification of the apparatus.
- .LP
- g)
- Type and dimensions of the scanning detector.
- .LP
- h)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- i)
- Indication of the accuracy and repeatability.
- .LP
- j
- )
- Depending upon the specification requirements:
- .LP
- i)
- profiles through core and cladding centres;
- .LP
- ii)
- profiles along the core major and minor axes;
- .LP
- iii)
- profiles along the cladding major and minor axes;
- .LP
- iv)
- raster scan across the entire end face of the fibre,
- if adopted;
- .LP
- v)
- resulting dimensional parameters, like: core and
- cladding diameters,
- non\(hycircularities of the core
- and of the cladding, core/cladding concentricity
- error,\ etc.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 8P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy4/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.4
- \fIReference test method for the\fR
- \fInumerical aperture:\fR
- \fIfar\(hyfield distribution\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.1\ \ \fIObject\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This measuring method is applied to graded index fibres in order to determine
- the numerical aperture by measuring the far field light
- distribution.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2\ \ \fISpecimen preparation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- From the fibre to be measured at one end, a sample of approximately 2\
- m length is taken. The sample shall be straight enough to avoid bending
- losses. The ends of the sample should be substantially clean, flat and
- perpendicular to the fibre axis.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.4.3\ \ \fIApparatus\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.1\ \ \fISource\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The light source shall be incoherent, adjustable in intensity and stable
- in position, intensity and wavelength over a time period sufficiently
- long to complete the measurement procedure.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.2\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The detector must have a linear characteristic in the required
- measuring range. (The output current of the detector must be linear to the
- received light power.)
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.3\ \ \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.3.2.2.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.4\ \ \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.3.2.3.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3.5\ \ \fIDisplay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For example, XY\(hyrecorder, screen.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.4.4\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.4.1\ \ \fIPrinciple of measurement\fR | (Figure B\(hy5/G.651)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The radiant intensity (light power per solid angle element) is
- determined as a function of the polar angle of one plane of the fibre axis
- (radiation pattern). The distance\ d between the end of the sample and the
- detector must be large compared to the core diameter of the optical fibre.
- .PP
- Possible solutions are:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- sample fixed, large\(hyarea detector fixed;
- .LP
- \(em
- sample fixed, small\(hyarea detector linear displaceable;
- .LP
- \(em
- sample linear displaceable, small\(hyarea detector fixed;
- .LP
- \(em
- sample fixed, small\(hyarea detector angular displaceable;
- .LP
- \(em
- sample and rotatable, small\(hyarea detector fixed.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy5/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.4.2\ \ \fIPreparation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The sample is fixed in the sample holder and the light is launched in accordance
- with \(sc\ B.4.3.3.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.4.3\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The radiant intensity is determined as a function of the polar
- angle in one plane of the fibre axis.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.5\ \ \fIResults\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Fibres covered by this Recommendation have a near parabolic
- refractive index profile. Therefore, for the launching conditions recommended
- in\ \(sc\ B.4.3.3 (uniform mode distribution) the far\(hyfield radiant
- intensity curve can be approximated in the region above 10% of the maximum
- intensity by the
- following parabola:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR (\(*f) = \fIP\fR (0) [1 \(em (sin \(*f/NA)\u2\d]
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- The angle \(*f is then determined by the point of intersection of this
- parabola with the abscissa. In general, it is sufficient to determine the
- angle\ \(*f by the 5% value of the maximum radiant intensity out of the full
- radiant intensity curve.
- .PP
- The numerical aperture is
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- NA = sin \(*f.
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- B.4.6\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement, with indication of the scanning
- technique used;
- .LP
- b)
- Launching characteristics (dimension and NA of the
- launching cone);
- .LP
- c)
- Wavelength and FWHM spectral width of the source;
- .LP
- d)
- Type of cladding mode stripper (if used);
- .LP
- e)
- Scanning conditions;
- .LP
- f
- )
- Fibre identification and length;
- .LP
- g)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions, if necessary;
- .LP
- h)
- Indication of the accuracy and repeatability;
- .LP
- i)
- Resulting numerical aperture.
- .ce 1000
- APPENDIX\ I
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Section I)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- A possible way to obtain the positions of core and cladding
- centres as well as the diameters is given in this Appendix.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- I.1
- \fICore centre and diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The core centre and diameter are determined from an adequate number of
- scans across a fibre section with the appropriate k\ value. Two points
- on the core/cladding interface are obtained at each scan. The points should
- be
- uniformly distributed on the perimeter of the core, at least
- approximately.
- .RT
- .LP
- Let
- .LP
- \fIx\fR\d\fIi\fR\u, \fIy\fR\d\fIi\fR\u be the Cartesian coordinates of the
- i\(hyth point of the interface,
- .LP
- \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u, \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\u be the Cartesian coordinates of the
- core centre,
- .LP
- \fIR\fR\d\fIc\fR\u be the core radius,
- .LP
- \fIz\fR , \fIm\fR\d\fIi\fR\u be the intermediate variables
- \fIz\fR \ =\ \fIa
- \dc\u\fR \u2\d\ +\ \fIb
- \dc\u\fR \u2\d\ \(em\ \fIR
- \dc\u\fR \u2\d and\ \fIm\fR\d\fIi\fR\u=\ \fIx
- \di\u\fR \u2\d\ +\ \fIy
- \di\u\fR \u2\d.
- .PP
- The unknown parameters \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u, \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand \fIR\fR\d\fIc\fR\uare
- obtained by finding the circle which best represents, in the sense of the
- least squares, the experimental interface between the core and the cladding.
- The
- calculation algorithm consists of minimizing, with respect to
- parameters\ \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u, \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand \fIz\fR , the quantity:
- \v'6p'
- .ce 1000
- \fIM\fR =
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @
- @ left [ (\fIx~\di\u\fR~\(em~\fIa~\dc\u\fR ) \u2\d~+ ( \fIy~\di\u\fR~\(em~\fIb~\dc\u\fR ) \u2\d~\(em~\fIR~\dc\u\fR~\u2\d~ right ] @
- \u2\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIM\fR =
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @ (\fIx
- \di\u\fR \u2\d + \fIy
- \di\u\fR \u2\d \(em 2\fIa
- \dc\u\fR \fIx
- \di\u\fR \(em 2\fIb
- \dc\u\fR \fIy
- \di\u\fR + \fIz\fR )
- \u2\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .bp
- .PP
- Cancellation of the three partial derivatives of \fIM\fR in relation to\
- \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u, \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand \fIz\fR gives a system of three
- linear equations, in the following matrix form:
- \v'6p'
- .LP
- 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIx
- \di\u\fR \u2\d
- 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIx
- \di\u\fR \fIy
- \di\u\fR
- \(em
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIx
- \di\u\fR \fIa
- \dc\u\fR =
- \
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIm
- \di\u\fR \fIx
- \di\u\fR
- .LP
- 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIx
- \di\u\fR \fIy
- \di\u\fR 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fI\fIy
- \di\u\fR \u2\d
- \(em
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIy
- \di\u\fR \fIb
- \dc\u\fR =\
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIm
- \di\u\fR \fIy
- \di\u\fR
- .LP
- 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIx
- \di\u\fR 2
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIy
- \di\u\fR
- \(em
- \fIN\fR
- \fIz\fR =
- \
- @ pile { sum above \fIi\fR } @\fIm
- \di\u\fR
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- The sums are performed from i\ =\ 1 to i\ =\ N,
- .PP
- \fIN\fR being the total number of measured points
- .PP
- Digital inversion of this system gives the values of \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\u,
- \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand \fIz\fR , from which the value of \fIR\fR\d\fIc\fR\uis
- deduced.
- .PP
- The core centre is the point of coordinates \fIa\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand \fIb\fR\d\fIc\fR\uand
- its diameter is the quantity \fID\fR\d\fIc\fR\u\ =\ 2\fIR\fR\d\fIc\fR\u.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- I.2
- \fICladding centre and diameter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The same calculation process and definitions as for the core apply to finding:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the coordinates of the cladding centre \fIa\fR\d\fIg\fR\uand
- \fIb\fR\d\fIg\fR\u;
- .LP
- \(em
- the cladding radius \fIR\fR\d\fIg\fR\u.
- .PP
- The cladding centre is the point of coordinates \fIa\fR\d\fIg\fR\uand
- \fIb\fR\d\fIg\fR\uand its diameter is the quantity \fID\fR\d\fIg\fR\u\
- =\ 2\fIR\fR\d\fIg\fR\u.
- .LP
- \fBSection\ II\ \(em\fR \fIReference test method and alternative test\fR
- \fImethods for attenuation measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.1
- \fIIntroduction\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.1\ \ \fIObjectives\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The attenuation tests are intended to provide a means whereby a
- certain attenuation value may be assigned to a fibre length such that
- individual attenuation values may be added together to determine the total
- attenuation of a concatenated length.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.2\ \ \fIDefinition\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The \fBattenuation A (\(*l)\fR at wavelength \(*l between two
- cross\(hysections\ 1 and\ 2 separated by distance \fIL\fR of a fibre is defined
- as:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR (\(*l) = 10 log
- @ { fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) } over { fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l) } @ \ \ \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIP\fR\d1\u(\(*l) is the optical power traversing the cross\(hysection\
- 1
- and \fIP\fR\d2\u(\(*l) is the optical power traversing the cross\(hysection\
- 2 at the
- wavelength\ \(*l. For a uniform fibre under equilibrium condition, it is
- possible to calculate the attenuation per unit length, or the attenuation
- coefficient.
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(*a (\(*l) =
- @ { fIA\fR (\(*l) } over { fIL\fR } @
- @ left [ { B } over { nit~length } right ] @
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- which is independent of the chosen length of the fibre.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Attenuation values specified for factory lengths should
- be measured at room temperature (i.e., a single value in the range
- +10 | uo\dC to +35 | uo\dC).
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.3\ \ \fIDescription\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Three methods have been suggested for attenuation
- measurements.
- .RT
- .LP
- B.1.3.1\ \ \fIThe\fR
- \fIcut\(hyback technique\fR | s a direct application of
- the definition, in which the power levels \fIP\fR\d1\uand \fIP\fR\d2\uare
- measured at two points of the fibre without change of input conditions.
- \fIP\fR\d2\uis the power emerging from the end of the guide and \fIP\fR\d1\uis
- the
- power emerging from a point near the input after cutting the fibre.
- .LP
- B.1.3.2\ \ \fIThe\fR
- \fIinsertion loss technique\fR | s in principle
- similar to the cut\(hyback technique, but \fIP\fR\d1\uis the power emerging
- from the output of the launching system. The measured attenuation is the
- sum of the
- attenuation of the inserted length of fibre and the attenuation caused
- by the connection between launching system and the fibre under test. It
- is necessary to correct the result for connection losses.
- .LP
- B.1.3.3\ \ \fIThe\fR
- \fIbackscattering technique\fR | s an indirect way of
- measuring the attenuation by the measurements of the backscattered powers
- traversing two cross\(hysections of the fibre.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1.4\ \ \fIField of application\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The cut\(hyback technique is generally recognized as yielding accurate
- results. In many situations its destructive nature is a disadvantage.
- .PP
- The insertion loss technique avoids cutting a part of the fibre at the
- expense of accuracy.
- .PP
- The backscattering technique is a single ended, non\(hydestructive
- method, but is limited in range and sometimes in accuracy.
- .PP
- Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, the
- cut\(hyback technique has been chosen as the reference test method.
- .RT
- .LP
- B.2
- \fIThe reference test method:\fR
- \fIthe cut\(hyback technique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.1\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.1\ \ \fIDefinition of launching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The launching conditions are of paramount importance in meeting the stated
- objectives. Launching conditions should be such as to approximate
- equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) which is understood to exist when the
- power distribution of field patterns at the output of the fibre is substantially
- independent of the length of the fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2\ \ \fILaunching techniques\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A generic set\(hyup to achieve the launchings of the EMD is shown in Figure\
- B\(hy6/G.651.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy6/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.1\ \
- \fICladding mode stripper\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A cladding mode stripper encourages the conversion of cladding
- modes to radiation modes; as a result, cladding modes are stripped from the
- fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.2\ \ \fIMode filter\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode filter is a device used to select, reject or attenuate a certain
- number of modes, and should assure the establishment of a mode
- distribution close to the EMD.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2.3\ \ \fIMode scrambler\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The mode scrambler is a device used for inducing transfer of power between
- modes in an optical fibre, and should provide a mode distribution
- independent of source characteristics.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Suitable optical arrangements can be used which produce a
- distribution close to the EMD directly on the input end of the fibre under
- test. In this case a unique device is needed for the implementation of the
- three functions of Figure\ B\(hy6/G.651.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.3\ \ \fIExample\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For a 50/125\ \(*mm low loss homogeneous graded index fibre with a NA of
- 0.2 operating at 850\ nm wavelength, an approximation of the equilibrium
- mode distribution can be achieved after the cut\(hyback length of the fibre
- to be
- measured, when the following characteristics are observed:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the full width half maximum intensity value of the light
- spot, measured from the near field is 26\ \(*mm;
- .LP
- b)
- the full width half maximum value of the numerical aperture
- measured from the far field is 0.11\ \(*mm.
- .LP
- Both near\(hyfield and far\(hyfield patterns are assumed to be approximately
- Gaussian.
- .PP
- To obtain this equilibrium of the modal distribution the
- arrangement shown in Figure\ B\(hy6/G.651 can be used.
- .PP
- The launch beam is incident on the launch end of the fibre in the form
- of a spot, centrally located on the fibre core with the near field FWHM
- intensity not less than 70\ \(*mm and the far field FWHM Numerical Aperture not
- less than 0.3 across the central 70\ \(*mm of the cone. (For fibre with an
- NA\ <\ 0.25.)
- .PP
- The axis of the launch beam is coincident with the axis of the fibre.
- .PP
- The mode scrambler should comprise a suitable fibre arrangement
- (e.g.,\ a step\(hygraded\(hystep sequence or a bending sequence).
- .PP
- The mode filter takes the form of a mandrel around which the fibre
- under test is wound, with low tension and within a 20\ mm length of the
- mandrel.
- .PP
- The diameter of the mandrel may differ from fibre to fibre and values in
- the range 18\(hy22\ mm, with 5\ turns of fibre, are common.
- .PP
- The exact diameter of the mandrel is determined by the fibre/cable
- supplier such that the near field and far field patterns from two metres of
- fibre following the mode filter and cladding mode stripper, are the same as
- those obtained from a stable mode distribution length of fibre or jointed
- fibres (typically greater than 5\ km).
- .PP
- The cladding mode stripper often consists of a material having a
- refractive index equal to or greater than that of the fibre cladding.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.2\ \ \fIApparatus and procedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.1\ \ \fITypes of measurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurements may be made at one or more spot wavelengths,
- alternatively a spectral response may be required over a range of wavelengths.
- Diagrams of suitable test equipments are shown as examples in
- Figures\ B\(hy7/G.651 and\ B\(hy8/G.651.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 20P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy7/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 28P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy8/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.2\ \
- \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A suitable radiation source shall be used, such as a lamp, laser or light
- emitting diode (LED). The choice of source depends upon the type of
- measurement. The source must be stable in position, intensity and wavelength
- over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure.
- The FWHM spectral line\(hywidth shall be specified such that it is narrow
- compared
- with any features of the fibre spectral attenuation.
- .PP
- The fibre shall be aligned to the launch cone, or connected coaxially to
- a launch fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.3\ \
- \fIOptical detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A large area detector shall be used so that all of the radiation in the
- output cone(s) is intercepted. The spectral response should be compatible
- with the spectral characteristics of the source. The detection must be
- uniform and the detection must have linear characteristics.
- .PP
- It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve the signal/noise
- ratio at the receiver. If such a procedure is adopted, the
- detector should be linked to a signal processing system synchronous with the
- source modulation frequency. The detecting system should be substantially
- linear in sensitivity.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.4\ \ \fILaunching set\(hyup\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.2.1.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.5\ \ \fIProcedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The fibre under test is set in the measurement set\(hyup. The output
- power \fIP\fR\d2\uis recorded.
- .LP
- 2)
- Keeping the launching conditions fixed, the fibre is cut to the cut\(hyback
- length (for example, 2\ m from the launching point). The output
- power \fIP\fR\d1\ufrom the cut\(hyback length of the fibre is recorded.
- .LP
- 3)
- The attenuation of the fibre, between the points where
- \fIP\fR\d1\uand \fIP\fR\d2\uhave been measured, can be calculated from
- the definition using \fIP\fR\d1\uand \fIP\fR\d2\u.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Measurement type, and characteristics.
- .LP
- b)
- Launching technique.
- .LP
- c)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement.
- .LP
- d)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- e)
- Fibre identification.
- .LP
- f
- )
- Length of sample and the cut\(hyback length.
- .LP
- g)
- Attenuation measured (for the sample) at the selected
- wavelength.
- .LP
- h)
- Attenuation quoted in dB. In some cases it is possible to
- convert it into attenuation coefficient in\ dB/km.
- .LP
- i)
- For spectral loss measurements the results should be
- presented as a plot of attenuation against wavelength.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3
- \fIFirst alternative test method: the insertion loss\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.1\ \ \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The required launching conditions are similar as those described
- under \(sc\ B.2.1.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.3.2\ \ \fIApparatus and procedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.1\ \ \fITypes of measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurements may be done at one or more spot wavelengths,
- alternatively a spectral response may be required over a range of wavelengths.
- A diagram of a suitable test set\(hyup is shown as an example in Figure\
- B\(hy9/G.651 (a\ \(em\ calibration, b\ \(em\ measurement).
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.2\ \ \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.2.2.2.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.3\ \ \fIOptical detector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.2.2.3.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.4\ \ \fILaunching set\(hyup\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\ B.2.1.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.5\ \ \fICoupling device\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The insertion loss technique requires the use of a very precise
- fibre to fibre coupling device to minimize the coupling losses and to ensure
- reliable results.
- .PP
- This coupling device can be a mechanical adjustment visually inspected
- or a connector with a core\(hyto\(hycore positioning.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 33P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy9/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.2.6\ \ \fIProcedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The measurement set\(hyup is initially calibrated in order to
- obtain an input reference level \fIP\fR\d1\u.
- .LP
- 2)
- The fibre under test is set in the measurement set\(hyup and
- the coupling adjusted to give a maximum level on the optical
- detector. The output power \fIP\fR\d2\uis recorded.
- .LP
- 3)
- An attenuation is calculated according to
- \(sc\ 1.2. This attenuation is the sum of the attenuation of the
- inserted length of fibre and the attenuation caused by the
- connection between the coupling device and the fibre under
- test.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3.3\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Measurement type and characteristics.
- .LP
- b)
- Launching technique.
- .LP
- c)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement.
- .LP
- d)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- e)
- Fibre identification.
- .LP
- f
- )
- Length of sample.
- .LP
- g)
- Attenuation measured (for the sample) at the selected
- wavelength.
- .LP
- h)
- Connector loss with its tolerance.
- .LP
- i)
- Attenuation quoted in dB. In some cases it is possible to
- convert it into an attenuation coefficient in\ dB/km.
- .LP
- j
- )
- For spectral loss measurements the results should be presented as a plot
- of attenuation versus wavelength.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4
- \fISecond alternative test method:\fR
- \fIthe backscattering\fR
- \fItechnique\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ This test method describes a procedure to measure the
- attenuation of a homogeneous sample of optical fibre cable. The technique
- can be applied to check the optical continuity, physical defects, splices,
- backscattered light of optical fibre cables and the length of the fibre.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.1\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For the attenuation measurement, the techniques described under
- \(sc\ 2.1 can be applied. For the other controls, the launching conditions
- may be dependent on the characteristics to be tested.
- .PP
- In all cases, in order to reduce the Fresnel reflections on the input of
- the fibre, various devices could be used such as polarizers or index
- matching materials. Insertion losses should be minimized.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.4.2\ \ \fIApparatus and procedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.1\ \ \fIGeneral considerations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The signal level of the backscattered optical signal will normally be small
- and close to the noise level. In order to improve the signal\(hyto\(hynoise
- ratio and the dynamic measuring range it is therefore customary to use
- a high power light source in connection with signal processing of the detected
- signal. Further, accurate spatial resolution may require adjustment of
- the pulse width in order to obtain a compromise between resolution and
- pulse energy. Special
- care should be taken to minimize the Fresnel reflections. An example of an
- apparatus is shown in Figure\ B\(hy10/G.651.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.2\ \
- \fIOptical source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A stable high power optical source of an appropriate wavelength
- should be used, such as a semiconductor laser. The wavelength of the source
- should be registered. The pulse width and repetition rate should be consistent
- with the desired resolution and the length of the fibre. Optical non\(hylinear
- effects should be eliminated in the part of the fibre under test.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.3\ \
- \fIOptical detection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A detector shall be used so that the maximum possible backscattered power
- should be intercepted. The detector response shall be compatible with the
- levels and wavelengths of the detected signal. For attenuation measurements
- the detector response shall be substantially linear.
- .PP
- A signal processing is required to improve the signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio,
- and it is desirable to have a logarithmic response in the detection system.
- .PP
- A suitable amplifier shall follow the optical detector, so that the
- signal level becomes adequate for the signal processing. The bandwidth
- of the amplifier shall be chosen as a trade off between time resolution
- and noise
- reduction.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.4\ \ \fILaunching set\(hyup\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See \(sc\(sc\ B.2.1 and B.4.1.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.2.5\ \ \fIProcedure\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The fibre under test is aligned to the coupling device.
- .LP
- 2)
- Backscattered power is analyzed by a signal processor and
- recorded in logarithmic scale. Figure
- B\(hy10/G.651 shows such a typical
- curve.
- .LP
- 3)
- If the recorded curve has an approximately constant slope
- (zone\ b of Figure\ B\(hy10b/G.651), the attenuation between two points\
- \fIA\fR
- and\ \fIB\fR of the curve corresponding to two cross sections of the fibre is
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- @ pile { { fIA\fR~*l) } above { ~\fIA\fR~\s6\fIA\fR~\(ra\fIB\fR~\s } } @ =
- [Formula Deleted]
- (\fIV
- \dA\u\fR \(em \fIV
- \dB\u\fR )\ \ \ \ dB
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIV\fR\d\fIA\fR\uand \fIV\fR\d\fIB\fR\uare the corresponding power
- levels
- given in the logarithmic scale.
- .LP
- 4)
- If so required bi\(hydirectional measurements can be made,
- together with numerical computation to improve the quality of the result and
- possibly to allow the separation of attenuation from backscattering factor.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.4.3\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Measurement types and characteristics.
- .LP
- b)
- Launching techniques.
- .LP
- c)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement.
- .LP
- d)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- e)
- Fibre identification.
- .LP
- f
- )
- Length of sample.
- .LP
- g)
- Rise time, width and repetition rate of the pulse.
- .LP
- h)
- Kind of signal processing used.
- .LP
- i)
- The recorded curve on a logarithmic scale, with the
- attenuation of the sample, and under certain conditions the attenuation
- coefficient in dB/km.
- .PP
- The complete analysis of the recorded curve B\(hy10/G.651 shows that, independently
- from the attenuation measurement, many phenomena
- can be monitored using the backscattering technique:
- .LP
- a)
- Reflection originated by the coupling device at the input
- end of the fibre;
- .LP
- b)
- Zone of constant slope;
- .LP
- c)
- Discontinuity due to local defect, splice or coupling;
- .LP
- d)
- Reflection due to dielectric defect;
- .LP
- e)
- Reflection at the end of the fibre.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 47P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy10/G.651, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBSection\ III\ \(em\fR \fIReference test method for baseband response\fR
- \fImeasurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.1
- \fIObject\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The fibre baseband response may be described in either the time
- domain by means of its impulse response\ \fIg\fR (\fIt\fR ) or in the
- frequency domain by means of its frequency response\ \fIG\fR (
- \fIf\fR ). The function\ \fIg\fR (\fIt\fR ) may be described as that function
- which, when convolved with the optical power input pulse to the fibre,
- gives the optical
- power output pulse from the fibre. \fIG\fR (
- \fIf\fR ) is the ratio, at any frequency,
- between the sinusoidal modulation of the optical power input to the fibre
- and the sinusoidal modulation of the optical power output from the fibre.
- .PP
- The baseband responses in the frequency and time domain in a linear
- system are related by:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIG\fR (
- \fIf\fR ) =
- @ pile { ~\(if above int above \(em~\(if } @ \fIg\fR (\fIt\fR ) exp
- (\(emj2\(*p
- \fIft\fR ) dt
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- The baseband response is presented in the frequency domain.
- .PP
- Those wishing a representation in the time domain will still be able to
- obtain it by means of mathematical operations. For this purpose the
- amplitude and phase response would both be needed.
- .PP
- The amplitude response is specified in the form of the \(em3\ dB optical
- (\(em6\ dB electrical) bandwith of the amplitude/frequency curve. A more
- complete curve should also be given.
- .PP
- To minimize measurement variations associated with irregular shaped
- baseband responses a Gaussian function may be fitted to the baseband response
- \fIG\fR (
- \fIf\fR ).
- .PP
- No recommended values of phase response are given, phase response is only
- required in special cases.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2
- \fIReference test method\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1\ \ \fITest apparatus\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A schematic diagram of the test arrangement is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy11/G.651.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.1\ \ \fILight source\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A laser light source shall be used. It must be stable in position, intensity
- and wavelength. Its centre wavelength (\(*l) shall be within \(+-20\ nm
- of the nominal value selected from the ranges given in Table\ B\(hy1/G.651,
- in
- addition, the FWHM line width (\(*D\(*l) shall not exceed the corresponding
- value
- given in this Table.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T2.651]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ B\(hy1/G.651
- .ce
- \fBSource line width\fR
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
- \(*l (nm) \(*D\(*l (nm)
- _
- .T&
- cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
- 800\(hy900 \ 5
- .T&
- cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
- 1200\(hy1350 10
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable B\(hy1/G.651 [T2.651], p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- The means whereby the laser is modulated (pulse or sinusoidal)
- shall be capable of operating at frequencies beyond the frequency at which
- the response of the fibre under test has fallen to the \(em3\ dB optical
- level.
- .PP
- The maximum emission shall substantially exceed spontaneous emission and
- the depth of modulation shall be as great as the extinction ratio permits
- in order to secure maximum signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio. Care shall be taken
- that the source does not chirp.
- .bp
- .PP
- If the modulation waveform chosen is sinusoidal, the output modulation
- is divided, frequency by frequency, by the input modulation. If the modulation
- waveform chosen is a multicomponent pulse, it is necessary, as a preliminary
- step, to perform the Fourier transformation, using either analogue filtering
- or digital processing of the received signal.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.2\ \
- \fILaunching conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The appropriate measurement condition can be achieved by two
- means:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- uniform mode power distribution (overfilled launch) with a uniform spatial
- distribution larger than the fibre core, and a Lambertian
- angular distribution within the numerical aperture of the fibre under test;
- .LP
- b)
- steady\(hystate launch that closely approximates the actual
- steady\(hystate condition.
- .LP
- \fINote to point b)\fR \ \(em\ Care should be taken that the launching
- conditions do not restrict mode excitation below steady\(hystate especially
- for
- lengths shorter than\ 2\ km.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.3\ \ \fIDetector\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A high speed photodiode shall be used to intercept the full mode
- volume of the fibre output.
- .PP
- The bandwidth of the photodiode and the subsequent electronics shall be
- sufficient to preserve the required signal to noise ratio up to the highest
- frequency at which results are to be reported. The detector system shall
- be
- linear with respect to input power over the measured limits. In the event
- that the detector has an inadequate linear range, a neutral density filter
- previously calibrated at the operating wavelength may be required to attenuate
- an excessively large signal, in such a way that the detector is always
- used in its range of linear sensitivity.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.1.4\ \ \fIOutput presentation system\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The output presentation system shall be capable of recording or
- displaying the output modulation amplitude against calibrated power or
- log\(hypower and frequency scales. In the case of pulse modulation, an
- intermediate stage may involve the recording of a pulse waveform against a
- calibrated time scale.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- B.2.2\ \ \fIProcedure\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.1\ \ \fIPreparation of fibre for tests\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Primary coatings shall be removed from portions of fibre to be
- immersed in the cladding mode strippers.
- .PP
- Fibre ends shall be substantially clean, smooth and perpendicular to the
- fibre axis. Measurements on uncabled fibres shall be made with the fibre
- loose on the drum to avoid externally induced mode coupling.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.2.2\ \ \fIMeasurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Initially, the transmitter and the receiver are connected by a
- short optical test lead, and the transmitter power adjusted to give a signal
- in the linear range of the receiver. For use as a field reference test
- method, the specific response of the instrument should be stored at this
- stage for
- subsequent use, in the form of either an impulse\ \(em or a frequency \(em\
- response as appropriate.
- .PP
- The fibre to be tested is then inserted between the transmitter and
- receiver and the output measured and recorded. For use as a reference test
- method for single fibres, the fibre is then cut back to a point, a convenient
- distance from the transmit and cladding mode stripper (if used) or from
- the
- mode filter and, taking care not to disturb the launching conditions, the
- output from the cutback length is measured and recorded. The operational
- area of the receiver photodiode shall, as far as possible, be the same
- at all
- stages.
- .PP
- The sets of frequency domain amplitude data, whether obtained directly
- or by transformation from the time domain, corresponding to the output
- signal from the fibre under test and to the specific response of the instrument
- (including the cut back length) are then divided, (or subtracted if presented
- in logarithmic scale) frequency by frequency, the former by the latter,
- to
- yield the frequency response of the fibre.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2.3\ \ \fIPresentation of results\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following details shall be presented:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Measurement type and characteristics.
- .LP
- b)
- Launching technique.
- .LP
- c)
- Test set\(hyup arrangement including source wavelength and FWHM linewidth.
- .LP
- d)
- Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if necessary).
- .LP
- e)
- Fibre identification.
- .LP
- f
- )
- Length of sample.
- .LP
- g)
- The bandwidth (including chromatic dispersion effects)
- defined by \(em3\ dB optical point of the amplitude\(hyfrequency
- characteristic, and if necessary, the full amplitude\(hyfrequency
- characteristic, and/or the phase characteristic.
- .LP
- h)
- For factory length the value, if needed, of the bandwidth
- referred to 1\ km (the applied formula must be
- given).
- .LP
- i)
- As stated at g), the measured bandwidth includes both modal
- and chromatic dispersion effects. If needed, the modal bandwidth
- \fIB
- \dmodal
- \u\fR (MHz)
- can be obtained as follows, if both the modal
- fibre baseband response and the source spectrum are assumed to
- be Gaussian.
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIB
- \dmodal
- \u\fR =
- @ left [ (1/\fIB~\dT\u\fR ) \u2\d~\(em (\fID\fR (\(*l) \(*D\(*l | (mu | fIL\fR~ | (mu | 0~\u\(em6~\d/0.44) \u2\d~ right ] @
- \u\(em1/2
- \d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where:
- .LP
- \fIB\fR\d\fIT\fR\u =
- fibre measured bandwidth,
- .LP
- \fID\fR (\(*l)
- =
- chromatic dispersion coefficient
- [ps/(nm | (mu | m)],
- .LP
- \(*D\(*l
- =
- FWHM source linewidth (nm),
- .LP
- \fIL\fR =
- fibre length (km).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The apparatus and procedure given above cover only the
- essential basic features of the reference test method. It is assumed that
- the detailed instrumentation will incorporate all necessary measures to
- ensure
- stability, noise elimination\ etc., and that in any data processing procedures
- including sampling, weighting functions, truncation\ etc., care will be
- taken to ensure a satisfactory balance of advantages and disadvantages
- of the chosen
- techniques.
- .PP
- Details of these procedures, together with quantitative information, should
- be included in the Results.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy11/G.651, p. \fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
-