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- From: pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt)
- Subject: Re: Impredicativity - was: Russell's Paradox
- Message-ID: <1992Nov5.044052.12870@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <Bx81Ho.9HL@cantua.canterbury.ac.nz>
- Date: Thu, 5 Nov 1992 04:40:52 GMT
- Lines: 51
-
- In article <Bx81Ho.9HL@cantua.canterbury.ac.nz> wft@math.canterbury.ac.nz (Bill Taylor) writes:
- >Randall Holmes - a question. You say that it is a *theorem* of ZF that
- >
- > "for any set x, for some ordinal a, x E V(a)" .
- >
- >[where V(a) is defined by V(0) = {}
- > V(a+1) = P{V{a}}
- > V(L) = U{a < L}[V(a)] (L a limit ordinal). ]
- >
- >Is this really true ? Surely not. The collection of V's is a model for ZF, yes.
- >But the above isn't a theorem, is it?
- >I expect it *is* a theorem of ZF+AxFndtn.
-
- I'm sure that's what Randall meant. You can't rank sets without FA.
- If you weaken FA to AFA you have counterexamples to the above like
- Omega = {Omega}, to which the above definition cannot assign any
- ordinal in a way that satisfies these equations. (Consider the least
- ordinal a for which Omega E V{a}. Clearly a is not 0. Since Omega has
- only one element a cannot be a limit ordinal. So a is a successor
- ordinal, call it b+1. But then Omega is a subset of V{b}, whence
- Omega's only element, Omega, is an element of V{b} and hence of rank
- less than a, contradiction.)
-
- Conversely, once you have FA you can prove the above theorem by
- assigning a rank to each set by the following informally described
- procedure. To rank set x, assign ranks to its elements. This
- recursive procedure is well-defined because there are no infinite
- descending membership chains. Now take the rank of x to be the least
- ordinal strictly greater than the rank of any element of x. This rank
- will be 0 when x is empty, a successor ordinal when x contains an
- element of rank maximal among its siblings, and otherwise a limit
- ordinal.
-
- This informal procedure can be made rigorous as follows. The form of
- FA that I find most useful for these purposes is the Axiom Schema of
- Restriction, namely one axiom for every ZF formula phi(x) with one free
- variable x. The axiom says that either phi holds of no set, or there
- exists a set y for which phi holds of y but of none of its members.
-
- So now take phi(x) to be "for every ordinal a, x is not in V(a)". If
- phi holds of no set we are done. Otherwise by restriction there is a
- set y for which phi(y) holds but for all members z of y, phi(z) is
- false. If y is empty this contradicts the first equation defining V.
- If y is nonempty then all its members have ranks. If there is a
- maximum rank b of those members then y is a subset of V(b), hence an
- element of V(b+1) by the second equation. If there is no maximum rank
- then let b be the union of these ranks, necessarily a limit ordinal.
- Then y is an element of V(b) by the third equation, and we are done.
- (And hence of course phi holds of no sets.)
- --
- Vaughan Pratt There's no truth in logic, son.
-