home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.laptops
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!leland.Stanford.EDU!news
- From: avery@scruffy.neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de (Avery Wang)
- Subject: Re: NiCad batteries again -- useful hints
- Message-ID: <1992Nov13.092439.11529@leland.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@leland.Stanford.EDU (Mr News)
- Organization: DSO, Stanford University
- References: <1992Nov11.030643.21030@schaefer.math.wisc.edu>
- Date: Fri, 13 Nov 92 09:24:39 GMT
- Lines: 111
-
- Here's something I pulled off the net over 4 years ago -- hope it's useful!
- -Avery
- -------------------
- " NICAD BATTERIES - FACTS AND FALLACIES " Published on Radio Communication
- May 1988, TT.
-
- Richargable nickel cadmium batteries, have, with reasons, become a popular
- source of power for portable and handportable equipment. They can provide
- reliable service over many years if due account is taken of their
- peculiarities. Yet it remain true that many amateurs are failing to appreciate
- not only the full capabilities but also the limitations of nicad cells used in
- battery packs.
-
- J.Fielding,ZS5JF,in "Nickel cadmium batteries for amateur radio equipment"
- (Radio ZS september 1987,pp4-5) provides a useful survey of the facts and
- foibles of nicads.The following extracts from his article attack some of the
- common myths and also provide some safety hints.
-
- 1) "Rapid charging causes a decline in cell capacity".
- NOT TRUE provided that the charge is always terminated at a safe point.
-
- 2) "You should not charge only partially discharged cells as this causes a
- loss in capacity."
- NOT TRUE. It is not necessary to discharge fully nicad batteries before
- charging. In fact, THE OPPOSITE is true. Repeated partial charging gives an
- increase in the number of charge/discharge cycles compared with
- full-discharged cells.
-
- 3) "White crystals growing on the tops of nicad cells mean that the seal is
- faulty and the cell should be scrapped."
- NOT TRUE. The electrolyte (potassium hydroxide) is extremely searching and can
- penetrate the seals used in minute quantities. These crystals are potassium
- carbonate, which is harmless and can be removed with soap and water. The
- action of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with the electrolyte to
- form the crystals. After removing the crystals, it is recommended that a smear
- of silicon grease is applied to slow down the growth of new crystals. The
- amount of electrolyte lost in this way is insignificant.
-
- 4) " I have a cell which appears to take a charge, but after the normal
- charging period the open circuit voltage is very low. I have been told I
- should throw it away."
- NOT TRUE. The reason the cell won't take a charge is usually due to minute
- crystalline growth across the internal electrodes, caused by prolonged
- storage. A cure that nearly always works is to pass a very high current for
- very short time through the affected cell. This fuses the internal "whisker".
- Discharging a large electrolytic capacitor is one method of doing this. But
- note that in a battery the faulty cell MUST be isolated from the other cells
- since zapping the complete battery will not usually result in a cure. Charge
- the capacitor to about 30v and then discharge it through the faulty cell.
- Several attemps may be required to clear a stubborn cell.
-
- 5) "A battery contains a cell with reversed polarity. The only cure is to
- replace it".
- NOT TRUE. The reversed cell ca usually be corrected by a similar technique as
- that given for 4). After re-polarising the cell, the complete battery can be
- recharged in the normal way. Full capacity can be regained after about five
- cycles.
-
- 6) "A nicad battery should be stored only in a discharged state".
- NOT TRUE. It can be stored in any state of charge. Due to its inherent
- self-discharging characteristics it will eventually become fully discharged
- after a sufficiently long period of storage. To recharge the battery before
- returning it to service, a "conditioning" charge of 20h at the normal charging
- rate is recommended. Afterwards charge normally; full capacity can again be
- expected after about five cycles.
-
- 7) "It is not advisable to keep a nicad battery on permanent trickle charge as
- this causes permanent degradation of the cells".
- NOT TRUE. So long as the trickle charge current is adjusted correctly, the
- charge can continue indefinitely without loss in cell capacity. The safe
- current can usually be obtained from the manufacturer's data, but 0.025C is a
- reasonable guide (ie. about 100mA for a 4Ah cell and PRO-RATA). This enables
- the battery to remain fully charged.
-
- ZS5JF also lists seven safety points that should be considered by users:
-
- 1) DO NOT short circuit a fully-charged battery. This if prolonged, can cause
- excessive gas production with the danger of possible rupturing of the sealed
- case.
-
- 2) Nicads contain a caustic electrolyte: this is perfectly safe as long as
- common sense is used in use and handling of the cells.
-
- 3) A nicad can supply a very high current for a short period (a 4Ah cell can
- supply over 500A for a few seconds). Sufficient thought should be given when
- selecting a fuse between the battery and the equipment. The connecting wire
- should be capable of passing enough current to ensure the fuse blows quickly
- in the event of a short circuit.
-
- 4) DO NOT use partially-discharged cells with fully-charged ones to assemble a
- battery. Assemble the battery with all the cells discharged and then charge
- them as a battery.
-
- 5) DO NOT carry a fully- or partially-charged battery on an aircraft without
- taking proper safety precautions. A short-circuited battery pack ca be a time
- bomb in such situations. Consult the relevant IATA regulations or ask at the
- airline check-in.
-
- 6) DO NOT subject battery packs to very high or low temperatures. Never
- dispose of a battery pack in a fire or throw it out with domestic waste.
- If it cannot be disposed of properly it is probably best to bury it in the
- garden in a safe spot.
-
- 7) DO NOT discharge battery packs below about 1V per cell, otherwise there is
- a possibility of cell reversal.
-
- ZS5JF provides a good deal of other information on charging nicad batteries,
- and gives as a reference a Varta publication of 1982 "Sealed Nickel Cadmium
- Batteries" from which some of his notes may have been derived. (G3VA)
-
- ----=====***=====----
-