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- Path: sparky!uunet!vtserf!csugrad!dbush
- From: dbush@csugrad.cs.vt.edu (David Bush)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: the uniqueness of 11,356
- Summary: The infinite z-list has only one ending in a 6.
- Keywords: number theory z-list
- Message-ID: <Bw0s41.4Bq@csugrad.cs.vt.edu>
- Date: 12 Oct 92 17:48:00 GMT
- Organization: Virginia Tech Computer Science Dept, Blacksburg, VA
- Lines: 52
-
-
- Here's a curious sidepath in number theory, based on an
- old "problematical recreations" puzzle from Litton Industries.
- In the game "subtract-a-square," a natural number is written
- down and two players alternate moves. A move consists of
- subtracting a nonzero square from the current value, producing
- a new current value for the other player. You may not subtract
- more than the current value. The player who reaches 0 wins.
- For example, 1 is a winning value because having this value on
- your move means you can win the game. In fact, from 1 you can
- win in 1 move by subtracting 1. 2, on the other hand, is a
- "zugzwang value," or z-value, because no matter what move you
- make, your opponent will be left with a winning value. In fact
- the only legal move from 2 is to subtract 1 leaving 1 for the
- other player. Every natural number is either a winning value
- or a z-value, but never both. Zugzwang is a chess term
- indicating a position wherein the obligation to move is a
- disadvantage. The z-list, or the set of all z-values, can be
- generated by these production rules:
-
- 1. 0 is the first z-value. (This simplifies matters.)
- 2. Given that you have a list of all z-values less than n,
- n is a winning
- value IF AND ONLY IF it is greater than some z-value on
- the list by a nonzero square.
- OTHERWISE, n must be a z-value.
-
- Out of all the over 180,000 z-values less than 40 million,
- ONLY ONE z-value ends in a 6: 11,356. Z-values that end in 1,
- 3, or 8 are also few and far between. I suspect the set of
- all z-values that = 1(mod 5) or 3(mod 5) is finite. Perhaps
- this has something to do with the fact that both 5 and 10 can
- be expressed as the sum of 2 different squares. A cursory
- statistical analysis of the distribution of z-values with
- respect to other modulus bases seems to corroborate this.
- Modulus bases 13 and 17, which can also be expressed as the
- sum of 2 different squares, show some uneven distribution, but
- nothing as severe as bases that are multiples of 5. Other
- bases, which are neither the sum of 2 different squares nor
- multiples of such a base, show remarkably even distribution.
- The set of z-pairs, or z-values that differ by 2, appears
- to be infinite. The largest such pair found so far is
- 39,955,435 and 39,955,437. The z-list itself must be infinite,
- since assuming there exists some greatest z-value G leads to
- a contradiction when you consider that G^2 + G + 1 must be a
- z-value.
- There are plenty of directions to go from here; for example
- there are related games "subtract-a-cube," "subtract-a-power"
- etc. One could abandon the restriction that the generation
- rules be based on any game at all. Regrettably, my only access
- to the net is through a monitor, so I cannot send my software
- or data. Thanks for your time. :)
-