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- 10/31/94: Galileo Comet Shoemaker-Levy Observations
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- PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
- JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
- CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
- PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
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- Contact: James Wilson
-
- October 31, 1994
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- One fragment of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 lit a 7-kilometer (5- mile)
- fireball hotter than the Sun's surface last July 18 as it plunged into
- Jupiter's night sky in full view of NASA's Galileo spacecraft, scientists
- have reported.
-
- After a preliminary analysis of data on the comet's fragment G from
- three instruments reaching from the ultraviolet into the near infrared,
- they "have characterized a comet impact directly for the first time in
- history," said Galileo Project Scientist Dr. Torrence V. Johnson of the
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
-
- The fragment G fireball, when first detected by the ultraviolet
- spectrometer and photopolarometer-radiometer, was apparently about 7
- kilometers (5 miles) in diameter, with a temperature of at least 8,000
- degrees Kelvin (14,000 degrees Fahrenheit), hotter than the sun's surface.
- Five seconds later the infrared spectrometer detected it, and recorded the
- fireball's expansion, rise and cooling for a minute and a half, until it
- was hundreds of miles across and only at about 400 degrees K (260 F).
-
- "Very simply, it looks to us like an expanding, cooling bubble of hot
- gas," said infrared Principal Investigator Dr. Robert Carlson of JPL.
- "But obviously it will take more complicated models to explain all the
- data."
-
- Observations made by Galileo's ultraviolet spectrometer, the near
- infrared mapping spectrometer, the photopolarimeter- radiometer and the
- imaging system for six of the impacts (fragments G, H, K, L, Q1, and W)
- were reported by the scientists at the annual meeting of the Division of
- Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society in Bethesda, Md.
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- When these observations were made in late July, Galileo was 240
- million kilometers (150 million miles) from Jupiter and at such an angle
- that it could observe early events hidden from the Earth by the limb or
- horizon of Jupiter. Each of the impacts began with a rapid rise in
- brightness, or flash, typically reaching about 10 percent of Jupiter's
- total brightness, followed by a plateau of brightness and then a slow
- decline. In ultraviolet light, the total event lasts only about 10
- seconds, but at infrared wavelengths it could go on for 90 seconds or
- more.
-
- But there remains a mystery: the Hubble Space Telescope and
- Earth-based observatories saw some of the impacts start just as soon as
- Galileo did -- as if looking through Jupiter. "In effect, we are
- apparently seeing something we didn't think we had any right to see, "
- said Dr. Andrew P. Ingersoll of the California Institute of Technology, a
- member of both the Hubble Space Telescope and Galileo science teams.
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- There are possible explanations for the timing of the reported
- observations. "If everyone's times are right -- and we think they are --
- it seems clear that something was happening high enough to be seen beyond
- the curve of the planet, before and during the events Galileo saw," said
- Galileo Project Scientist Dr. Torrence V. Johnson of JPL.
-
- "The Hubble observations of fragments G and W could conceivably be
- due to scattering of light from the Galileo events off comet dust or other
- material at very high altitude," Johnson added, "but how the material got
- there is another question. There may have been earlier, smaller impacts
- going on that were too faint for Galileo to detect."
-
- The Galileo spacecraft will go into orbit around Jupiter on December
- 7, 1995, after its probe enters Jupiter's atmosphere. It will study
- Jupiter, its satellites and its magnetosphere for two years. The project
- is managed by JPL for NASA's Office if Space Science.
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