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- From: stead@skadi.CSS.GOV (Richard Stead)
- Newsgroups: ca.earthquakes
- Subject: Re: Explanation of Magnitudes
- Message-ID: <51925@seismo.CSS.GOV>
- Date: 26 Jan 93 15:12:58 GMT
- References: <9301242123.FS.131@n6ume2.uucp>
- Sender: usenet@seismo.CSS.GOV
- Distribution: ca
- Lines: 62
- Nntp-Posting-Host: skadi.css.gov
-
- In article <9301242123.FS.131@n6ume2.uucp>, dorothy@n6ume2.uucp (Dorothy Darby) writes:
- > 1. I know that Menlo uses Duration Magnitudes when posting their
- > reports, and the NEIC uses both MB (Body Wave) and MSZ (Vertical
- > surface wave)....What does Berkley use when reporting a magnitude
- > for an event?
-
- If they are like most local array operators, most of the smaller quakes
- will have duration magnitudes, but special quakes will also have ML
- (Richter magnitude) computed as well.
-
- > 2. What is the difference between all of them?
-
- Duration magnitude (also named coda magnitude) is computed by fitting
- an exponential curve to the decay in amplitude of shaking. Distance,
- which causes the coda to spread in duration, is accounted for in the
- computattion. Then what varies is the size of the fault and the
- displacement time function. Works only for very local events (<200 km
- usually) and at higher frequency (~1-20 Hz).
-
- mb is a teleseismic P-wave magnitude computed from the amplitude of the
- P-wave in a narrow band. Teleseismic range is > 30 degrees distance
- (about 3300 km). Gutenberg and Richter originall proposed this magnitude
- (they called "m") as measured anywhere in the phases P, PP or SH, and on
- broad-band instruments, ususally around 6-12 second periods. USGS
- for a long time measured this in a narrow band around 1 second, and
- required that the amplitude be measured within 5 seconds of onset.
- This leads to very different mb's than the original definition.
-
- MSZ (often just noted as MS - it is frequently computed on vertical) is
- measured from the amplitude of long-period (20 second, usually) surface
- waves and is also teleseismic. It needs a big correction when used for
- very deep events (especially deeper than 200 km). Gutenberg's original
- formula has been altered somewhat. Also, the horizontal MS should be
- different from MSZ, but the precise variation has not been studied
- (Rayleigh waves tend to make MSZ bigger, but the Love waves tend to
- make it smaller). For the horizontal MS, there is not agreement on
- whether the two horizontal directions should be added vectorially
- or if they should be rectified and averaged. Richter recommends vectorial
- addition, but this is not generally practiced since there are too many
- factors that could cause the addition to be performed slightly off-azimuth
- (which can greatly affect the result). Rectify and sum tends to be more
- stable and independent of azimuth.
-
- ML is Richter magnitude, which is computed from the amplitude of
- regional (< 30 degrees) phases, as they would be recorded on an
- 0.8 second Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer.
-
- The exact formulae and corrections used vary from region to region and
- agency to agency. It is one of the things IASPEI hopes to address.
- There are other magnitude scales in addition to the 4 above, but they are
- certainly the most common. I might add MLg - the Lg magnitude important
- in test ban monitoring, and Mw - the energy magnitude important for
- for very large earthquakes. MLg is a little like ML, but the computation
- steps seem more like mb. Mw is a lot like MS, but measured at very long
- periods.
-
-
- --
- Richard Stead
- Center for Seismic Studies
- Arlington, VA
- stead@seismo.css.gov
-