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- Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 14:40:46 CDT
- Reply-To: Jeff Bone <JBONE@DOPIG.UAB.EDU>
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- From: Jeff Bone <JBONE@DOPIG.UAB.EDU>
- Subject: Scanning FAQ Update Part 2 of 4
- Lines: 146
-
- ------------- PAGEMAKER/QUARK LISTSERV -----------------
- ------------- S C A N N I N G F A Q UPDATE 1/22/93 -----------------
- Part 2 of 4
-
- Do You Really Need All That Resolution?
-
-
- It seems even the scanner makers are now caught up in the "more-is-better"
- routine. A few years ago 300dpi 16-shade grey was an incredible scanner, to-
- day it seems if you don't have a 600dpi 24-bit scanner you'll likely to get
- drummed out of the local DTP users club.
-
- But do you really need 600dpi? It is quite possible that, depending on your
- application, you could produce some very pleasing and fully professional
- results with less investment.
-
- I suppose I should explain my first question now. I won't assume anything,
- so don't let me insult your intelligence, just overlook any riduculously
- elementary parts.
-
- 1.
- A flatbed scanner is merely a series of CCDs (charge coupled device = light
- sensitive integrated circuit) mounted in a stationary row that light
- reflected from a piece of flat art is allowed to pass over. These CCDs
- register presence or absence of light (ON/OFF) thus producing a pixel
- electronically. Since they are mounted in a single row that is the way the
- electronic file is created, row by row. Essentially the CCDs are reflected
- one row of the flat art at a time until the image is completely built.
-
- 2.
- That being the case, resolution or the number of pixels written based on what
- is reflected is controlled two ways. The number of pixels horizontally is
- controlled by how closely the CCDs are placed next to each other along the
- single row. The number of pixels vertically is controlled by how slowly the
- light bar and mirror inch along the length of the flat art thus reflecting
- onto the CCDs. Therefore, the more CCDs and the smaller the steps of the
- advancing light bar the greater the resolution. Currently there are five
- major scanner motor manufacturers (many re-packgers) and they all build
- their systems essentially the same way. The highest resolution flat bed
- scanning system currently is physically limited to 400 dots (pixels) per
- linear inch. You may say wait a minute I've seen 600, 800, and 1200 dpi
- ratings, but note I stated the physical limit is 400 dpi. This is true,
- there currently is a real physical limit as to how many CCD ICs can be placed
- side by side in one inch and that limitation is 400 right now.
-
- 3.
- This 400dpi physical limitation has been breached by what is known as
- interpolation. Interpolation is a software/firmware process whereby the
- scanner essentially samples two pixels and averages (often times using more
- complex formulas) the two pixels together to form an extra pixel (or more) in
- the middle. Better scanners now do this in hardware, but some still rely on
- their scanning software to do it (often uninvolving the user). But
- nevertheless, this higher resolution is only psuedo-data. That is, it is
- data being create by averaging and not by actually sampling it from the
- original art.
-
- 4.
- Grey-scale scanners are scanners with CCDs that can differentiate between
- levels of light falling on them, rather than just being on or off, the grey
- scale scanner can determine if the pixel should be any number of shades of
- grey. Most scanner manufacturers have stopped R&D once they acheived 256
- shades of grey because the current version of PostScript can only recreate
- 256 levels of grey, however there are many high-end systems that can produce
- much more levels (4096, 32768, etc.)
-
- 5.
- Color scanners are nothing more than grey scale scanners that have filtration
- (most commonly Red, Green, and Blue) and make multiple passes to generate 256
- levels of each RGB component. The software then recombines the three passes
- to create full color. Higher quality scanners perform all three scans in one
- pass at the same time to perserve registration (although this is not usually a
- problem in good three pass scanners).
-
- 6.
- Imagesetters are unable to produce continuous tones, that is that
- are unable to make a pixel different shades of grey like the scanner "sees"
- them, instead they use a very complicated screening pattern to simulate
- shades of grey to the naked eye. At higher magnifications you can easily see
- that a photo is not really a photo, but is a series of variable size dots.
- This is called "half-toning." Half-toning, therefore, isn't using all of the
- pixels to create the dot patterned image, in most cases it's using only half
- or less of a high resolution scans original data.
-
- 7.
- So the question becomes why scan so high if the data won't be used. There is
- a formula for this of course. It is, scan at 1.5 times the lines per inch
- (LPI) of the final output device. Therefore if you are outputting to a 2400
- dpi imagesetter at 150 LPI then the normal maximum resolution you need to
- scan at is only 200dpi. So if the un-informed user scanned his photo at
- 600dpi thinking he needed that high res capability because he was going out
- to a high res imagesetter, he would be sending over 9 times too much data to
- the imagesetter. This would result in a very long RIP time and possible
- crash of the RIP.
-
- 8.
- Line art scans (black and white) could, of course, be a good candidate for
- the high resolution scanner, but more likely if you plan to use a piece of
- line art you can scan a large original and reduce it. Or better yet,
- autotrace it into your favorite illustration program and forget having to
- work with large, slow bitmaps.
-
- 9.
- High resolution color becomes a different story somewhat. It is possible to
- find a continuous tone color output device where it would be nice to output a
- "true" continous tone modification that would rival the original (i.e.-
- National Enquirer PhotoShop modification of a 35mm slide at high res and then
- reoutput to 4x5 negative on a film recorder to produce a retouched print).
- However, continuous tone output requires very high resolution to produce
- satisfactory results. This requirement pushes the upper envelope of flat bed
- scanning (800, 1200dpi) and becomes a job for the slide scanner and drum
- scanner. Unfortunately at these ultra high resolutions the personal computer
- becomes a liability. Today I have been working on a photo retouch of a 35mm
- slide that we intend to re-output to 4x5 on our Solitaire film recorder.
- Unfortunately the full resolution file (4800 dpi) was over 250 Megabyte!
- This is definitely not a job for PhotoShop.
-
- 10.
- Finally, I have listed a few scanners in different catagories to show
- their relative merits and estimated pricing, they are all units that we
- use or have used internally and found them to be very reliable:
-
- 300dpi Grey Scale:
- Hewlett-Packard ScanJet $ 800
- Apple OneScanner 700
-
- 400-600dpi Color Flat Bed:
- Microtek 300Z (300dpi) 1,200
- Microtek 600Z (600dpi) 1,500
- XRS 3cx (AutoRads & X-Rays, 600dpi) 4,500
- Sharp JS450 (400dpi) 6,500
-
- 600-2000dpi Color Flat Bed:
- Sharp JS600 (600dpi) 8,000
- Imapro XL (1200dpi) 14,500
- AGFA Imagemaster (1600dpi) 22,500
- Artronic ViewScan (2000dpi transmissive) 35,000
-
- 3000dpi Slide Scanners:
- Nikon LS3500 7,500
- Nikon LS3510 (12-bit) 10,500
- Leaf 35 14,000
- Leaf 45 (35mm & 4x5 12-bit) 19,000
-
- 4000-6000dpi Drum Scanners:
- Dangraf DeskDrum (4000dpi, 12-bit) 22,500
- Optronics ColorGetter (6000dpi, 16-bit) 85,000
-