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- Date: Wed, 27 Jan 1993 00:32:57 -0700
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- From: "William T. Powers" <POWERS_W%FLC@VAXF.COLORADO.EDU>
- Subject: Language analysis as control process
- Lines: 87
-
- [From Bill Powers (930126.2345)]
-
- Avery Andrews (930127.1000)
-
- >As for linguistics, what the grammars are supposed to do is
- >define a set of constraints, to which others can be added.
- >What these constraints do is give you a limited number of OK
- >pairings of overt strings (utterances) and semantic structures.
- >Then there can be additional constraints added, such that the
- >structure be one involving a certain overt string (that's
- >parsing) or semantic structure (that's production).
-
- The key words here are SUCH THAT.
-
- The constraints, if I understand you, are contained in the
- structure of notations like NP and VP and so on connected by
- lines showing dependencies (or whatever you call them). This
- structure certainly does not by itself suggest any particular
- sentences, does it? That is, you can't look at such a structure
- and be reminded that you forgot to stop off and buy some dog food
- on the way home.
-
- You can, however, parse, meaning that given any specific
- sentence, there are manipulations or rules by which you can
- derive the diagram showing the formal classes to which various
- components of the sentence belong. Any one diagram would be valid
- for a great number of different sentences, so starting with the
- diagram you can't deduce which valid sentence is represented.
- Going from general diagram to specific sentences you have a
- divergent tree.
-
- Going in the other direction, however, you have a convergent
- process; ideally any sentence will lead to a unique diagram of
- it, and a whole set of sentences will lead to the same diagram
- while other sets will lead to different diagrams (many of them
- unacceptable, like VP -> VP).
-
- What I'm trying to suggest is that we view the diagrams (or the
- relationships represented by the diagrams) as a higher level of
- perception, and specific sentences as a lower level. The higher-
- level perception is a function of lower-level perceptions. The
- function is the process by which you derive the diagram from a
- specific sentence. It's a true function, in that multiple inputs
- lead to a unique output. If a particular input is among one set
- of sentences, the output is one diagram; if it's among another
- set, the output is a different diagram.
-
- If this is how it works, you can now construct a sentence that
- fits a given reference-diagram. If I say "Give me an example of
- the form VP -> NP," you can certain think up endless examples.
- That's the closed-loop process: generating strings of words SUCH
- THAT they would be perceived, at the higher level, as VP -> NP.
- With no other constraints on the sentences, there could be a very
- large number of valid examples.
-
- What this suggests to me is that you can take one of those
- diagrams with the VP--NP stuff at the top level and specific
- words at the bottom level, and simply reverse all the arrows so
- you begin with the bottom level and arrive at the top: the top
- level is the output, not the input.
-
- Doing it this way, you start with the bottom level, derive the
- top-level structure, compare that structure with the intended
- structure, and on the basis of the error, reach down and around
- and adjust the bottom level words and look at the new top level
- that results, and keep doing this until you have the structure
- you intended. This would be my explanation of how, given a target
- structure, you can come up with a specific set of words in a
- specific arrangement that will indeed be an example of the
- desired structure. It will not be the ONLY such set of words, but
- that was not the task: the task was to come up with AN example,
- and this process will accomplish that.
-
- I suspect that if you looked at the code of your parser and the
- way you use the lexicon, you will find all sorts of tests which
- amount to comparisons of inputs with reference conditions to see
- if the inputs satisfy some criterion. That would clearly be part
- of a closed-loop process, particularly if the process involves
- scanning through the available components to find those that meet
- the criteria. The scanning process is running inputs past a
- perceiver and the result is compared with the reference
- condition: when the error is zero, the scanning stops. Doesn't
- something like this happen in your program?
-
- Guessing,
-
- Bill P.
-