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- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!uwm.edu!biosci!CUE.BC.CA!aceska
- From: aceska@CUE.BC.CA (Adolf Ceska)
- Newsgroups: bionet.plants
- Subject: BEN # 43
- Message-ID: <1389*aceska@cue.bc.ca>
- Date: 23 Jan 93 16:25:00 GMT
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-
- BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X
- BB B EE NNN N
- BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL
- BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC
- BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS
-
- No. 43 October 1, 1992
-
- Address: aceska@cue.bc.ca Victoria, B.C.
- ----------------------------------------------------
-
-
- BIODIVERSITY IN THE MANAGED LANDSCAPE: THEORY AND PRACTICE
- CONFERENCE IN SACRAMENTO JULY 13-17, 1992 (PART 3 of 5)
- From: Evelyn Hamilton <ehamilton@galaxy.gov.bc.ca>
-
-
- IV. SPECIES DIVERSITY
-
- Species expirations and extinction rates. Alwyn Gentry, Missouri
- Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO
-
- He estimated that there are 10K species of undescribed vascular
- plants. In North America 60 plants are thought to have gone
- extinct in recent years. In the tropics 100K species/year may be
- going extinct. This rate may be 1000 times background extinction
- rates.
-
- He discussed the situation in Rondonia in Brazil where only 2% of
- the coastal forest remain, and the application theories from
- island biogeography to tropical deforestation. These theories
- state that on smaller islands there will be fewer species. When
- you lose 90% of the area, you lose 50% of the species. On the
- basis of this, projected extinction in the tropics is 12-15% per
- year with a loss of 2/3 of the tropical species by the end of the
- next century. This rate will exceed the Cretaceous mass extinc-
- tion rate.
-
- Tropical species are more localized in their distribution and
- endemism is common. Evolution may be random because of the in-
- fluence of founder effects and genetic drift rather than selec-
- tion. Speciation may occur in 15 years. If speciation is rapid,
- so likely is extinction.
-
-
- Population viability
- Bruce Marcot, USFS Portland, OR
-
- He stated that 1/10 of the world's birds and 1/3 of the world's
- parrots are threatened.
-
- There are legal mandates, such as the National Forest Management
- Act which define a viable population. Questions about the degree
- of certainty, area and time frame exist.
-
- He outlined a process that could be used to ensure that viable
- populations were sustained. Steps include:
-
- 1. Identify species of concern, level of protection required,
- extent of habitat, rarity, etc.
-
- 2. Coordinate planning among agencies.
-
- 3. Develop species-environment tools.
-
- 4. Integrate models into the planning process.
-
- 5. Develop range of management strategies.
-
- 6. Conduct viability analysis.
-
- 7. Evaluate results - effects of alternatives.
-
- 8. Decide what to do.
-
-
- Conservation of plant species diversity
- Bruce Pavlik, Dept. Bot., Mills College, Oakland, CA
-
- Globally, there are about 20K rare plants. Many of these are in
- the tropics. Over 70% of all rare plants have less than 5 popula-
- tions.
-
- Reserves can be used to conserve plant species. There need to be
- clear objectives for each reserve. Each reserve should be sub-
- jected to manipulation experiments (e.g. fire, herbivory, etc) on
- at least a small portion of the site. In the absence of manage-
- ment and the knowledge upon which to base that management you may
- lose the species you hope to protect in a reserve.
-
- He recommends to develop a program to monitor the management
- practices. All monitoring must be demographic (i.e. focused on
- determining what is happening to the individuals). There is a
- need for trend analysis (which is mechanistic, synthetic and
- predictive), and factor resolution (studies of competition,
- mortality, effects of management activities) to determine what
- species are declining and what action is needed.
-
-
- Conservation of forest vertebrates
- Marty Raphael, USFS Olympia, WA
-
- General trends in W. Oregon throughout forest development are:
-
- 1. more mammal diversity at first and then it declines and
- increases in oldest stages,
-
- 2. reptiles only in young forests,
-
- 3. amphibian diversity increases with stand age.
-
-
- We need to look at habitat availability in different seral stages
- from the perspectives of historical, present, likely future and
- worst case levels.
-
- Alternative approaches that can be taken include:
-
- 1. maximizing the minimum abundance of all species (i.e. rare
- species will be sustained at their highest possible levels),
-
- 2. maximizing the joint probability of occurrence of all species
- being viable,
-
- 3. maximizing the sum of all these probabilities.
-
-
- Creating policy on species diversity
- Michael Bean, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
-
- He gave a very interesting and clear talk that focussed primarily
- on Endangered Species Act and made the following points:
-
- 1. Most species conservation policy is still focused on those
- species that are at risk of extinction.
-
- 2. Only plants and animals are covered in legislation (not
- fungi, etc).
-
- 3. Many more species are in peril that the 700 species on the
- threatened and endangered list. It is likely that 4-5x this
- number are eligible for protection.
-
- 4. Recovery efforts are currently driven by the degree of con-
- flict and public support.
-
- 5. Other criteria that should be considered in determining the
- need for species protection include whether the species is
- a) likely to play a key role in ecosystem functioning,
- b) has indicator value for ecosystem health,
- c) is related to crop species, or
- d) has traditional medicinal value.
-
- 6. We need to determine when a species is endangered, i.e. what
- the threshold is.
-
- 7. The current legislation requires that listing be based on
- biological considerations not economic ones.
-
- 8. There is evidence that protection is being withheld too long.
- Half of the plants added in the last 7 years had less than
- 100 individuals when listed and animals generally had less
- than 1000 individuals when listed. Probabilities of extinc-
- tions and timeframes are not articulated.
-
- His conclusion was that we need to focus on the genetic and
- community diversity as well as species diversity.
-