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- Path: sparky!uunet!olivea!spool.mu.edu!sdd.hp.com!caen!uvaarpa!murdoch!rayleigh.mech.Virginia.EDU!rbw3q
- From: rbw3q@rayleigh.mech.Virginia.EDU (Brad Whitehurst)
- Newsgroups: sci.space
- Subject: Re: Let's be more specific (was: Stupid Shut Cost arguements)
- Message-ID: <1993Jan12.215131.20418@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
- Date: 12 Jan 93 21:51:31 GMT
- References: <1993Jan11.154812.235@ke4zv.uucp> <ewright.726776389@convex.convex.com> <1993Jan12.171525.7437@ke4zv.uucp>
- Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
- Organization: University of Virginia
- Lines: 47
-
- In article <1993Jan12.171525.7437@ke4zv.uucp> gary@ke4zv.UUCP (Gary Coffman) writes:
- ...[others]
- >>>Shuttle designers originally
- >>>considered a titanium skin for the Orbiter, but even a metal as refractory
- >>>as titanium wasn't up to the job
- >>
- >>Yet Another Historical Error. Refractory metals were up to the
- >>job until NASA doubled the size of the Shuttle orbiter to meet
- >>military payload demands. (And some engineers at Rockwell still
- >>felt that refractory metals were viable, given sufficient ingenuity.
- >>Langley, and possibly other NASA centers have since come up with
- >>refractory metals which they believe can do the job. Some of these
- >>were considered for use on the fifth orbiter.)
- >
- >Even the SR71 uses fuel to help cool it's titanium skin, and it travels
- >more than four times slower than a re-entry vehicle. The only practical
- >metal more refractory than titanium is tungsten, and no one would seriously
- >consider a tungsten skinned vehicle. It would weigh too much, not to mention
- >the fabrication difficulties or the cost. Using titanium instead of aluminum
- >to *back up* a lighter heat shield is certainly practical, but with the
- >extremely good insulating qualities of available ceramic refractories, it
- >isn't necessary. An active cooling system could negate the need for a ceramic
- >shield, but would likely weigh more and be prone to breakdown. A heat shield
-
- Actually, tungsten (and most refractory metals) wouldn't work
- very well, since they oxidize at catastophic rates when they get too
- hot (in air, of course), not to mention the weight. And, while
- titanium is more heat tolerant than aluminum, it still will crap out
- at reentry temps. I have heard of some really exotic plated light
- metal alloys for making actively cooled honeycombs for the NASP. They
- looked at using our tunnel for some sample tests in combusting
- environments, but we couldn't get the heat transfer rates they wanted
- in the required time frame. Our tunnel typically runs heat transfer
- rates of 1.0-1.5 MW/m^2, and they were looking for more like 3-5
- MW/m^2. The upshot is that if you don't have a skin which can run
- very hot in an oxidizing atmosphere (lots of atomic oxygen!), backed
- up with good insulation, you'll have to go to either active cooling or
- ablative cooling, depending on the length of exposure.
- We use water cooled nickel walls for our combustor, which have
- proven very durable. I have also tried mild steel with a nickel
- plate, to save money, and it has done pretty well also. The nickel
- superalloys are heavier than titanium, but they will hold strength to
- higher temps, and will resist oxidation, unlike tungsten and such.
- --
-
- Brad Whitehurst | Aerospace Research Lab
- rbw3q@Virginia.EDU | We like it hot...and fast.
-