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- From: gaetz@head-cfa.harvard.edu (Terrance J. Gaetz)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Schrodinger hydrogen atom partition function divergence
- Message-ID: <1993Jan4.205452.18721@cfa281.harvard.edu>
- Date: 4 Jan 93 20:54:52 GMT
- References: <1i1onuINNgh@gap.caltech.edu>
- Organization: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
- Lines: 47
-
- In article <1i1onuINNgh@gap.caltech.edu> brandt@cco.caltech.edu (William N. Brandt) writes:
- >I have a question about the partition function of the Schrodinger
- >hydrogen atom. The energy eigenvalues for such an atom go like
- >13.6 ev * (1/n^2) so if we compute Z, the partition function,
- >
- > Z = Sum[g_n * exp(-E_n/(k*T))]
- >
- >(g_n is the degeneracy of the nth state, k is Boltzman's constant,
- >and T is tempertature) we notice that E_n tends to zero so the
- >exponential tends to 1 so we get an explosively diverging series
- >since the g_n's tend to increase.
- >
- >Since Z is not a QM observable this looks at first sight not to be a
- >problem. However, since the population of a given level goes as
- >1/Z (and this is an observable) this would seem to indicate that
- >the Schrodinger hydrogen atom cannot contain an electron.
-
- Peierls, in "Surprises in Theoretical Physics" (Princeton University
- Press, 1979) argues that this is the physically correct answer - the
- expectation is that a hydrogen alone in the universe will tend to be
- in an ionized state, whatever the temperature. Basically, this is
- because the collisional ionization rate is independent of the
- volume per atom, while the radiative recombination rate is
- inversely proportional to the volume per atom. As the volume
- per atom becomes infinite, ionizations dominate over recombinations.
-
- Peierls also points to a discussion in Landau & Lifshitz ("Statistical
- Mechanics") in which the law of mass action is used to obtain
- the degree of ionization of a gas in thermal equilibrium (the
- Saha equation, although I don't think they call it that). Peierls
- notes that a prediction of the equation is that the degree of
- ionization will be complete for a finite number of atoms in
- an infinite volume.
-
- >I know astronomers resolve this problem by lopping off the partition
- >function sum when the bohr radius of the nth state is approximately
- >the mean atomic spacing, since EM effects would prohibit higher
- >states. However, is there a fundamental resolution to this
- >apparent problem? Or is it not really a problem and why?
-
- Peierls briefly discusses these issues; in a gas with finite volume
- per atom, the high n states of free atoms can't be used because
- they overlap the adjacent atoms. In essence, the perturbations
- resulting from the neighboring atoms will cause what would have
- been a high-n electron to behave as a free electron instead.
- --
- Terry Gaetz -- gaetz@cfa.harvard.edu
-