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- Xref: sparky sci.math:17679 rec.puzzles:8210
- Path: sparky!uunet!usc!celia!keith
- From: keith@celia.UUCP (Keith Goldfarb)
- Newsgroups: sci.math,rec.puzzles
- Subject: Re: Marilyn Vos Savant's error?
- Message-ID: <2156@celia.UUCP>
- Date: 5 Jan 93 07:01:04 GMT
- References: <1gj5grINNk05@crcnis1.unl.edu> <1992Dec15.012404.24027@galois.mit.edu> <1992Dec15.052211.24395@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU> <1992Dec15.063213.11742@bnr.ca>
- Reply-To: keith@rhythm.com (Keith Goldfarb)
- Organization: Rhythm & Hues, Inc., Hollywood
- Lines: 89
-
- Why do these simple probability problems always cause so much trouble?
- This should all be in the FAQ's. Perhaps we should even avoid discussion
- of any English language problem.
-
- If these problems are translated into any sort of rigid language, then
- we would all be in agreement. Why should we go on arguing with each
- other when we are each solving different problems?
-
- Having said that, here are my 2 cents about all of this:
-
- "A man walks up to you and says that he has two children, at
- least one of which is a boy. What are the chances that the man
- has two boys?"
-
- Now, the common interpretation of this is:
-
- From the space of all two-children families where at least
- one of the children is a boy, what is the probability that
- a randomly chosen family will be one with two boys?
-
- What I'm getting at is that in the problem we aren't supposed to
- take it at face value, but rather convert it to something we
- can work with. (After all, in the original text, the man's children
- are already born, so either he has two boys or he does not, so the
- "chances" are either 0 or 1, we don't know which! But that's silly,
- since it's the probability interpretation that is meant.)
-
- In this case, things are pretty much in agreement. But if we go further:
-
- "A man walks up to you and says that he has two children, the
- oldest one of which is a boy. What are the chances that the man
- has two boys?"
-
- Now we get into trouble. Many people interpret this as:
-
- From the space of all two-children families where the oldest
- one of the children is a boy, what is the probability that
- a randomly chosen family will be one with two boys?
-
- Which gives the often quoted result of 50%. But some people don't
- think of it this way. They don't see the man who has walked up to
- them as making any "choice" from any "space". Rather, he has
- been blessed with two children, and he is particularly fond of
- telling us something about them. Since we don't know why he
- has chosen to tell us this information, we can't be certain of
- the situation. But a common and reasonable assumption is that
- he is the type who likes puzzles and so he is telling us just
- to ask us the probability. This, like the Monty Hall problem,
- can lead us to produce several different interpretations of his
- motives and therefore of the event.
-
- An interpretation of his motives that seems to be very common is:
-
- "A man walks up to you and says that he has two children, at
- least one of which is a boy. He has the characteristic that
- if he had exactly one boy and one girl, he'd mention which of
- them (older or younger) was the boy. But if he had two boys,
- he'd flip a coin to decide which one to mention, older or
- younger. On this occasion, he says that the older child is a
- boy. What are the chances that the man has two boys?"
-
- This, interpreted, becomes:
-
- From the space of all two-children families where at least
- one of the children is a boy, a family is chosen at random.
- If the older child is a girl and the younger is a boy, then
- the trial is voided. If both of the children are boys, then
- a coin is flipped and if it comes up heads then the trial
- is voided. Of the trials which are not voided, what percentage
- of them occur with a family of two boys?
-
- This gives the 1/3 result. By modifying the man's strategy, you
- can produce other probabilities.
-
- Another way to look at this is that the reader has assumed that
- the sample space will be "all two-children families where at least
- one of the children is a boy" and then after a selection is made,
- more information about that family is presented. Some people
- think of that additional information as reducing the sample
- space, and some think of it simply as providing information
- about a particular trial. Without looking inside the speaker,
- there is no way to determine which is the "correct" interpretation.
-
- K.
- --
- Keith Goldfarb Rhythm & Hues Claudia is Everywhere.
- keith@rhythm.com celia!keith@usc.edu ...mlogic!celia!keith
- I got nothing. Too bad. Some pink toes
- But I'm happy 'cause that's all I have. Some black toes
-