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- Xref: sparky sci.lang:8610 alt.usage.english:10265
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- From: evan@hpl.hp.com (Evan Kirshenbaum)
- Subject: Final(?) Draft of ASCII/IPA Representation
- Sender: news@hplabsz.hpl.hp.com (News Subsystem (Rigel))
- Message-ID: <1993Jan5.030143.5615@hplabsz.hpl.hp.com>
- Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 03:01:43 GMT
- Reply-To: kirshenbaum@hpl.hp.com
- References: <1993Jan5.025528.5162@hplabsz.hpl.hp.com>
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- Organization: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
- Lines: 498
-
- This article describes a standard scheme for representing IPA
- transcriptions in ASCII for use in Usenet articles and email. The
- following guidelines were kept in mind:
-
- o It should be usable for both phonemic and narrow phonetic
- transcription.
-
- o It should be possible to represent *all* symbols and
- diacritics in the IPA.
-
- o The previous guideline notwithstanding, it is expected that
- (as in the past) most use will be in transcribing English,
- so where tradeoffs are necessary, decisions should be made
- in favor of ease of representation of phonemes which are
- common in English.
-
- o The representation should be readable.
-
- o It should be possible to mechanically translate from the
- representation to a character set which includes IPA. The
- reverse would also be nice.
-
- In order to be able to represent a wide range of segments while making
- common segments easy to type, we allow more than one representation
- for a given segment. Each segment has an "explicit" representation,
- which is a set of features between curly braces ("{" and "}"). Each
- feature is represented as a three letter abbreviation taken from a
- standardized set. The phoneme /b/ (a voiced, bilabial stop) could be
- represented as /{vcd,blb,stp}/. A first cut at the feature set
- appears in appendix A below.
-
- The word "tag" could thus be represented phonemically as
- /{vls,alv,stp}{low,fnt,unr,vwl}{vcd,vel,stp}/
- and phonetically as
- [{vls,asp,alv,stp}{low,fnt,lng,unr,vwl}{unx,vcd,vel,stp}]
-
- This works, but it's a bit of a pain. To simplify transcription, we
- allow an "implicit" representation for a segment which consists of a
- (generally alphabetic) symbol followed by diacritics. Thus /b/ stands
- for /{vcd,blb,stp}/. Case is significant (/n/ and /N/ are different
- segments). The segment symbols are given in appendix B below.
-
- The word "tag" can thus be represented phonemically as
- /t&g/
-
- The diacritics for a segment are represented between angle brackets
- ("<" and ">") and consist of symbols or features. (In the common case
- where the diacritic symbol is a single character which does not encode
- a segment, the brackets may be removed.) The features which the
- diacritics map to override those of the segment.
-
- The word "tag" thus becomes narrowly
- [t<asp>&<lng>g<unx>]
- or
- [t<h>&<:>g<o>]
- or
- [t<h>&:g<o>]
-
- Some diacritic symbols encode more than one feature set. Which one is
- meant should be apparent from context. For example, "." stands for
- "{rnd}" when attached to a vowel, but "{rfx}" when attached to a
- consonant.
-
- Clicks are common to many languages (especially in Africa), but there
- is no IPA diacritic that means "click". Rather than use up several
- characters for clicks (which are infrequent in the languages most
- often discussed), we instead use the diacritic "!" after the
- homorganic unvoiced stop. Thus /t!/ (= /t<clk>/ = /{alv,clk}/) is the
- sound commonly written "tsk" and used in English to show disapproval.
-
- The complete set of diacritic symbols appears in appendix C below.
- Appendices D and E contain representations of segments more or less
- ordered by feature (appendix D in tabular form, appendix E as a list).
- Appendix F contains a list of all of the ASCII characters and the uses
- they have been pressed to.
-
- For transcription of any specific language a group can by convention
- alter the character mappings (as an example, for Spanish /R/ may be
- better used to represent /{alv,trl}/ than /{mid,cnt,rzd,vwl}/). An
- author may also press a little used symbol (for the language under
- consideration) into service to highlight a distinction. Such an
- alteration should be made explicitly to avoid confusion.
-
- The diacritics "+" and "=" and the segment symbols "$" and "%" are
- explicitly left unspecified so that they can be used to mark
- language-specific features (that are otherwise cumbersome to mark).
- Such symbols can be assigned either by convention for a specific
- language or in an ad-hoc manner by an individual author.
-
- Stress marks are prepended to the syllable they attach to. "'"
- signals primary stress, "," signals secondary stress. Spaces should
- be employed to separate words (cliticized words may be written
- unseparated). When discussing single words, it may be helpful to
- insert a space before each syllable that doesn't carry a
- suprasegmental marker.
-
- The "I hear the secretary" for an American might be something like
- /aI hir D@ 'sEkrI,t&ri/
- while to an Englishman it might be more like
- /aI hi@ DI 'sEkr^tri/
-
- Transcribing tone is harder. Here's an attempt. For register tone
- languages (e.g., Hausa, Navajo), numbers should be used with one being
- the lowest. Thus in Navajo, "1" is low tone and "2" is high. In
- Yoruba "1" is low, "2" is mid, and "3" is high. The language's
- "default" tone need not be specified. For contour tone languages
- (e.g., Mandarin, Thai), there is generally a numeric system in place
- (Mandarin: "1" is high, "2" is rising, "3" is falling rising, "4" is
- falling). The tone indication should follow the syllable (vowel?).
-
- The symbol "#" is used to represent a syllable or word boundary.
-
- Appendix A. Feature Abbreviations
- ----------------------------------
-
- vcd voiced nas nasal fnt front
- vls voiceless orl oral cnt center
- apr approximant bck back
- blb bilabial vwl vowel
- lbd labio-dental lat lateral unr unrounded
- dnt dental ctl central rnd rounded
- alv alveolar trl trill
- rfx retroflex flp flap asp aspirated
- pla palato-alveolar clk click unx unexploded
- pal palatal ejc ejective syl syllabic
- vel velar imp implosive mrm murmured
- lbv labio-velar lng long
- uvl uvular hgh high vzd velarized
- phr pharyngeal smh semi-high lzd labialized
- glt Glottal umd upper-mid pzd palatalized
- mid mid rzd rhoticized
- stp stop lmd lower-mid nzd nasalized
- frc fricative low low fzd pharyngealized
-
-
- Appendix B. Segment Symbols
- ----------------------------
-
- This table lists the symbol, the associated feature set, and the
- Unicode character code and name for the corresponding IPA character.
- In some cases (e.g., /I/) there are multiple IPA characters in use for
- the segment. I have listed both. In some cases (e.g. /j/), the IPA
- symbol seems to be ambiguous (generally between an approximant and the
- homorganic voiced fricative).
-
- The entries marked with "??" are those that I am least sure of. When
- I have listed more than one possibility for a symbol, the first is my
- current preference.
-
- a {low,cnt,unr,vwl} U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
- b {vcd,blb,stp} U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B
- c {vls,pal,stp} U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C
- d {vcd,alv,stp} U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D
- e {umd,fnt,urd,vwl} U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E
- f {vls,lbd,frc} U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F
- g {vcd,vel,stp} U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G
- U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
- h {glt,apr} U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H
- i {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl} U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I
- j {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc} U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J
- k {vls,vel,stp} U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K
- l {vcd,alv,lat} U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L
- m {blb,nas} U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M
- n {alv,nas} U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N
- o {umd,bck,rnd,vwl} U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O
- p {vls,blb,stp} U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P
- q {vls,uvl,stp} U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
- r {alv,apr} U+0279 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R
- s {vls,alv,frc} U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S
- t {vls,alv,stp} U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T
- u {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl} U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U
- v {vcd,lbd,frc} U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V
- w {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc} U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W
- x {vls,vel,frc} U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X
- y {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl} U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
- z {vcd,alv,frc} U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
-
- A {low,bck,unr,vwl} U+0251 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT A
- B {vcd,blb,frc} U+03B2 GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
- C {vls,pal,frc} U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA
- D {vcd,dnt,frc} U+00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
- E {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER EPSILON
- F -- Unused --
- G {vcd,uvl,stp} U+0262 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G
- H {vls,phr,frc} U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H BAR
- I {smh,fnt,unr,vwl} U+026A LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I
- U+0269 LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA
- J {vcd,pal,stp} U+025F LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR
- K -- Unused --
- L {vcd,vel,lat} ?? U+026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
- U+029F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L
- {vls,alv,lat,frc} ?? U+026C LATIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
- M {lbd,nas} U+0271 LATIN SMALL LETTER M HOOK
- N {vel,nas} U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG
- O {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} U+0254 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O
- P {vls,blb,frc} U+03A6 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
- Q {vcd,vel,frc} U+0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
- R {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl} ?? U+025A LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA HOOK
- {alv,trl} ?? U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
- S {vls,pla,frc} U+0283 LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH
- T {vls,dnt,frc} U+03B8 GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
- U {smh,bck,rnd,vwl} U+028A LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON
- U+0277 LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA
- V {lmd,bck,unr,vwl} U+028C LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V
- W {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
- X {vls,uvl,frc} U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
- Y {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O SLASH
- {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
- Z {vcd,pla,frc} U+0292 LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH
-
- ? {glt,stp} U+0294 LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP
- @ {mid,cnt,unr,vwl} U+0259 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA
- & {low,fnt,unr,vwl} U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER A E
- * {vcd,alv,flp} U+027E LATIN SMALL LETTER FISHHOOK R
- % -- Ad Hoc Segment --
- $ -- Ad Hoc Segment --
-
- Appendix C. Diacritics
- -----------------------
-
- ~ Vowels: {nzd} U+0303 NON-SPACING TILDE
- Consonants: {vzd} U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
- : {lng} U+02D0 MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON
- - Vowels: {unr} -- No equivalent --
- Consonants: {syl} U+0329 NON-SPACING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
- ! {clk} -- No equivalent --
- . Vowels: {rnd} -- No equivalent --
- Consonants: {rfx} U+0322 NON-SPACING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
- U+0323 NON-SPACING DOT BELOW
- ` Voicless: {ejc} U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
- Voiced: {imp} -- No equivalent --
- [ {dnt} U+032A NON-SPACING BRIDGE BELOW
- ; {pzd} U+02B2 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J
- U+0321 NON-SPACING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
- " Vowels: {cnt} -- No equivalent --
- Consonants: {uvl} -- No equivalent --
- ^ {pal} -- No equivalent --
- + -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
- = -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
- <H> {fzd} U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
- <h> {asp} U+02B0 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
- <o> {unx} ?? U+02DA SPACING RING ABOVE
- {vls} ?? U+0325 NON-SPACING RING BELOW
- <r> {rzd} U+02B3 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL R
- <w> {lzd} U+02B7 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W
- U+032B NON-SPACING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW
- <?> {mrm} U+02B1 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H HOOK
- U+0324 NON-SPACING DOUBLE DOT BELOW
-
- Appendix D. Segment Table
- --------------------------
-
- blb-- -lbd-- --dnt-- --alv-- -rfx- -pla-- --pal--- --vel-- -----uvl-----
-
- nas m M n[ n n. n^ N n"
- stp p b t[ d[ t d t. d. c J k g q G
- frc F V f v T D s z s. z. S Z C C<vcd> x Q X g"
- apr r<lbd> r[ r r. j j<vel> g"
- lat l[ l l. l^ L
- trl b<trl> r<trl> r"
- flp * *.
- ejc p` t[` t` c` k'
- imp b` d` d` J` g` q` G`
- clk p! t! c! c! k!
-
-
- ---- lbv ---- --phr-- ---glt---
-
- nas n<lbv> alv lat frc: s<lat> z<lat>
- stp t<lbv> d<lbv> ? lat flp: *<lat>
- frc w<vls> w H H<vcd> h<?> lat clk: l!
- apr w h
-
-
- ----- unr ----- unr ----- rnd -----
- fnt cnt bck cnt fnt cnt bck
- rzd
- hgh i i" u- y u" u
- smh I I. U
- umd e @<umd> o- R<umd> Y o
- mid @ R @.
- lmd E V" V W O" O
- low & a A &. a. A.
-
-
- Appendix E. Segment List
- -------------------------
-
- Where a segment requires more than one character to represent, and
- there is a single IPA character, the Unicode code and name is noted.
- If I couldn't find an IPA symbol for a segment, I left it out.
-
- {blb,nas} /m/
- {vls,blb,stp} /p/
- {vcd,blb,stp} /b/
- {vls,blb,frc} /F/
- {vcd,blb,frc} /V/
- {blb,trl} /b<trl>/ U+0299 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B
- {blb,imp} /b`/ U+0253 LATIN SMALL LETTER B HOOK
- {blb,ejc} /p`/
- {blb,clk} /p!/ U+0298 LATIN LETTER BULSEYE
-
- {lbd,nas} /M/
- {vls,lbd,frc} /f/
- {vcd,lbd,frc} /v/
- {lbd,apr} /r<lbd>/ U+028B LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT V
-
- {dnt,nas} /n[/
- {vls,dnt,stp} /t[/
- {vcd,dnt,stp} /d[/
- {vls,dnt,frc} /T/
- {vcd,dnt,frc} /D/
- {dnt,apr} /r[/
- {dnt,lat} /l[/
- {dnt,imp} /d`/ (same as {alv,imp})
- {dnt,ejc} /t[`/
- {dnt,clk} /t!/ U+0287 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T
- (by rights this should be alveolar, but the alveolar
- and palatal clicks use the same symbol (/c!/))
-
- {alv,nas} /n/
- {vls,alv,stp} /t/
- {vcd,alv,stp} /d/
- {vls,alv,frc} /s/
- {vcd,alv,frc} /z/
- {alv,apr} /r/
- {alv,lat} /l/
- {alv,trl} /r<trl>/ U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R
- (perhaps /R/)
- {alv,flp} /*/
- {vls,alv,lat,frc} /s<lat>/ U+026C LAIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
- {vcd,alv,lat,frc} /z<lat>/ U+026E LATIN SMALL LETTER L YOGH
- {alv,imp} /d`/ U+0257 LATIN SMALL LETTER D HOOK
- {alv,ejc} /t`/
- {alv,clk} /c!/ (same as {pal,clk})
-
- {rfx,nas} /n./ U+0273 LATIN SMALL LETTER N RETROFLEX HOOK
- {vls,rfx,stp} /t./ U+0288 LATIN SMALL LETTER T RETROFLEX HOOK
- {vcd,rfx,stp} /d./ U+0256 LATIN SMALL LETTER D RETROFLEX HOOK
- {vls,rfx,frc} /s./ U+0282 LATIN SMALL LETTER S HOOK
- {vcd,rfx,frc} /z./ U+0290 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z RETROFLEX HOOK
- {rfx,apr} /r./ U+027B LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R HOOK
- {rfx,lat} /l./ U+026D LATIN SMALL LETTER L RETROFLEX HOOK
- {rfx,flp} /*./ U+027D LATIN SMALL LETTER R HOOK
-
- {vls,pla,frc} /S/
- {vcd,pla,frc} /Z/
-
- {pal,nas} /n^/
- {vls,pal,stp} /c/
- {vcd,pal,stp} /J/
- {vls,pal,frc} /C/
- {vcd,pal,frc} /C<vcd>/ U+029D LATIN SMALL LETTER CROSSED-TAIL J
- (perhaps /j/ (same as {pal,apr}))
-
- {pal,apr} /j/
- {rnd,pal,apr} /j<rnd>/ U+0265 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
- {pal,lat} /l^/ U+028E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
- {pal,imp} /J`/ U+0284 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR HOOK
- {pal,clk} /c!/ U+0297 LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C
-
- {vel,nas} /N/
- {vls,vel,stp} /k/
- {vcd,vel,stp} /g/
- {vls,vel,frc} /x/
- {vcd,vel,frc} /Q/
- {vel,apr} /j<vel>/ U+0270 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG
- LEG
- {vel,lat} /L/
- {vel,imp} /g`/ U+0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G HOOK
- {vel,ejc} /k'/
- {vel,clk} /k!/ U+029E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K
-
- {lbv,nas} /n<lbv>/ Written as "ng" with tie above
- {vls,lbv,stp} /t<lbv>/ Written as "kp" with tie above
- {vcd,lbv,stp} /d<lbv>/ Written as "gb" with tie above
- {vls,lbv,frc} /w<vls>/ U+028D LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W
- {vcd,lbv,frc} /w/ (same as {lbv,apr})
- {lbv,apr} /w/
-
- {uvl,nas} /n"/ U+0274 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N
- {vls,uvl,stp} /q/
- {vcd,uvl,stp} /G/
- {vls,uvl,frc} /X/ U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
- {vcd,uvl,frc} /g"/ (same as {uvl,apr})
- {uvl,apr} /g"/ U+0281 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R
- {uvl,trl} /r"/ U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
- {vls,uvl,imp} /q`/ U+02A0 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q HOOK
- {vcd,uvl,imp} /G`/ U+029B LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G HOOK
-
- {vls,phr,frc} /H/
- {vcd,phr,frc} /H<vcd>/ U+0295 LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP
-
- {glt,stp} /?/
- {glt,apr} /h/
- {mrm,glt,frc} /h<?>/ U+0266 LATIN SMALL LETTER H HOOK
-
- {vcd,lat,flp} /*<lat>/ U+027A LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG
- LEG
- {lat,clk} /l!/ U+0296 LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP
-
- {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl} /i/
- {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /y/
- {smh,fnt,unr,vwl} /I/
- {smh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /I./ U+028F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y
- {umd,fnt,unr,vwl} /e/
- {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /Y/
- {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} /E/
- {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /W/
- {low,fnt,unr,vwl} /&/
- {low,fnt,rnd,vwl} /&./ U+0276 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O E
-
- {hgh,cnt,unr,vwl} /i"/ U+0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED I
- {hgh,cnt,rnd,vwl} /u"/ U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR
- {umd,cnt,unr,vwl} /@<umd>/ U+0258 LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E
- {umd,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R<umd>/ U+025D LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
- HOOK
- {mid,cnt,unr,vwl} /@/
- {mid,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R/
- {mid,cnt,rnd,vwl} /@./ U+0275 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O
- {lmd,cnt,unr,vwl} /V"/ U+025C LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
- {lmd,cnt,rnd,vwl} /O"/ U+025E LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED
- EPSILON
- {low,cnt,unr,vwl} /a/ U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
-
- {hgh,bck,unr,vwl} /u-/ U+026F LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M
- {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl} /u/
- {umd,bck,unr,vwl} /o-/ U+0264 LATIN SMALL LETTER BABY GAMMA
- {umd,bck,rnd,vwl} /o/
- {lmd,bck,unr,vwl} /V/
- {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} /O/
- {low,bck,unr,vwl} /A/
- {low,bck,rnd,vwl} /A./ U+0252 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED SCRIPT A
-
- Appendix F. ASCII Table
- ------------------------
- In the following table, the following abbreviations are used:
- P: punctuation
- S: segment
- D: diacritic
- <D>: diacritic that must be delimited
-
-
- sp P: Separate words and segments Q S: {vcd,vel,frc}
- ! D: {clk} R S: {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl}
- " D Vowel: {cnt} S S: {vls,pla,frc}
- Cons: {uvl} T S: {vls,dnt,frc}
- # Unused U S: {smh,bck,rnd,vwl}
- $ S: Ad Hoc V S: {lmd,bck,unr,vwl}
- % S: Ad Hoc W S: {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
- & S: {low,fnt,unr,vwl} X S: {vls,uvl,frc}
- ' P: Primary stress Y S: {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
- ( Unused Z S: {vcd,pla,frc}
- ) Unused [ P: Phonetic delimiter
- * S: {vcd,lav,flp} D: {dnt}
- + D: Ad Hoc \ Unused
- , P: Secondary stress ] P: Phonetic delimiter
- - D: Vowel: {unr} ^ D: {pal}
- Cons: {syl} _ Unused
- . D: Vowel: {rnd} ` D Voiced: {imp}
- Cons: {rfx} Voiceless: {ejc}
- / P: Phonemic delimiter a S: {low,cnt,unr,vwl}
- 0 Unused b S: {vcd,blb,stp}
- 1 P: Tone 1 c S: {vls,pal,stp}
- 2 P: Tone 2 d S: {vcd,alv,stp}
- 3 P: Tone 3 e S: {umd,fnt,urd,vwl}
- 4 P: Tone 4 f S: {vls,lbd,frc}
- 5 Unused g S: {vcd,vel,stp}
- 6 Unused h S: {glt,apr}
- 7 Unused <D>: {asp}
- 8 Unused i S: {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl}
- 9 Unused j S: {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc}
- : D: {lng} <D>: {pzd}
- ; D: {pzd} k S: {vls,vel,stp}
- < P: Diacritic delimiter l S: {vcd,alv,lat}
- = D: Ad Hoc m S: {blb,nas}
- > P: Diacritic delimiter n S: {alv,nas}
- ? S: {glt,stp} o S: {umd,bck,rnd,vwl}
- <D>: {mrm}
- @ S: {mid,cnt,unr,vwl} <D>: {unx}
- A S: {low,bck,unr,vwl} p S: {vls,blb,stp}
- B S: {vcd,blb,frc} q S: {vls,uvl,stp}
- C S: {vls,pal,frc} r S: {alv,apr}
- D S: {vcd,dnt,frc} <D>: {rzd}
- E S: {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} s S: {vls,alv,frc}
- F Unused t S: {vls,alv,stp}
- G S: {vcd,uvl,stp} u S: {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl}
- H S: {vls,phr,frc} v S: {vcd,lbd,frc}
- <D>: {fzd} w S: {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc}
- I S: {smh,fnt,unr,vwl} <D>: {lzd}
- J S: {vcd,pal,stp} x S: {vls,vel,frc}
- K Unused y S: {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl}
- L S: {vcd,vel,lat} z S: {vcd,alv,frc}
- M S: {lbd,nas} { P: Feature set delimiter
- N S: {vel,nas} | Unused
- O S: {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} } P: Feature set delimiter
- P S: {vls,blb,frc} ~ D: Cons: {vzd}
- Vowel: {nzd}
-