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- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!agate!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!gatech!concert!rutgers!rochester!dietz
- From: dietz@cs.rochester.edu (Paul Dietz)
- Newsgroups: sci.environment
- Subject: Re: plutonium arrives in Japan
- Message-ID: <1993Jan7.194605.11608@cs.rochester.edu>
- Date: 7 Jan 93 19:46:05 GMT
- References: <JMC.93Jan5205148@SAIL.Stanford.EDU> <1993Jan6.150210.23818@news.acns.nwu.edu> <82351@ncratl.AtlantaGA.NCR.COM>
- Organization: University of Rochester
- Lines: 76
-
- In article <82351@ncratl.AtlantaGA.NCR.COM> mwilson@ncratl.AtlantaGA.NCR.COM (Mark Wilson) writes:
-
- >| more complicated. For example, other countries in Asia have
- >| expressed suspiciion about Japanese intentions about nuclear weapons.
-
- > For the umpteenth time. The plutonium in question is not suitable for
- > making bombs.
-
-
- This is simply wrong. The material is not as good as weapons grade,
- but it can be used to make weapons. From H. A. Feiveson,
- "Proliferation Resistant Nuclear Fuel Cycles", in Ann. Rev. Energy,
- 1979, pages 357-394:
-
- ------------------------------
-
- It is true that reactor grade plutonium is not ideal for weapons
- purposes because of its typically high concentration of the isotope
- plutonium-240. (See table 1)
- --------------------
- Pu-239 Pu-240 Pu-241 Pu-242
- Weapons Grade 93.5 6 0.5 -
- Nominal PWR 57 25.5 12.5 5
-
- Table 1: Isotopic composition of Plutonium (%)
- --------------------
- There is, however, now an authoritative view that an entirely
- credible national nuclear weapons capability could be constructed
- with use of only reactor-grade material.
-
- Table 2 presents and compares the aspects of reactor-grade
- plutonium important for explosives.
-
- --------------------
- Weapons Grade Reactor Grade
-
- Bare Sphere Critical
- Mass* 11 kg 13 kg
- Specific Activity 3 curies/gm 10 curies/gm
- Heat Generation 3 watts/kg 10 watts/kg
- Neutron Background 100 n/(sec gm) 500 n/(sec gm)
-
- * Compare bare-sphere critical masses: U-233, 16 kg; highly
- enriched U-235, 56 kg; Pu-240, 40 kg.
-
- --------------------
-
- ... [It] is clear that none of these factors represents
- a significant barrier to a determined country. To wit:
-
- Reactivity. All plutonium isotopes are fissionable by fast
- neutrons. The critical mass for any type of reactor-grade
- plutonium is substantially smaller than the critical mass
- for highly enriched uranium (90% U-235).
-
- Handling. Reactor-grade material does have a higher specific
- activity and heat generation than weapons-grade material. But
- the differences are less than an order of magnitude. Controls
- required to handle the more radioactive reactor-grade material
- are easily available.
-
- Neutron background and pre-initiation. The neutron background
- ... is substantially greater in reactor-grade plutonium, a fact
- that increases the statistical uncertainty of explosive yield
- for this material because of "pre-initiation". Increasing
- technological sophistication can reduce this uncertainty, and,
- in any event, minimum yields in the low kiloton range could be
- assured with high confidence. For many, probably most, military
- and political purposes the remaining uncertainties in yield appear
- to be far less significant than the multitude of uncertainties
- that would surround any actual or threatened use of nuclear weapons.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Paul F. Dietz
- dietz@cs.rochester.edu
-